Abstract: According to some embodiments, a carrier configured to lower a likelihood of infection of a host caused by a target bacterium comprises a core (e.g., particle) having a maximum size in at least one dimension in a nanometer or a micrometer range, and a functionalized surface of the core configured to bind to target areas of cells of the host, wherein, by binding to target areas of cells of the host, the carrier competes with the target bacterium for target areas of cells of the host to reduce a likelihood of infection of the host by the target bacterium, wherein the carrier is configured to reduce binding of the target bacterium to target areas of cells of the host, and wherein, once delivered to the host, the carrier is configured to reduce a risk of the host contracting a disease caused by the target bacterium.

Abstract: According to some embodiments, a carrier for reducing a likelihood of a pathogen binding to cell structures of a host comprises a core, surface features extending from an exterior surface of the core, wherein the surface features are configured to bind to target areas of cell structures of the host to at least partially block the pathogen from binding to said target areas as a result of competitive inhibition, and a plurality of binding sites along the exterior surface, wherein the binding sites are configured to attract at least one portion of the pathogen, wherein the binding sites are recognizable by the pathogen and are able to be bound by the pathogen, thereby at least partially immobilizing the pathogen and reducing the likelihood of the pathogen binding to target areas of cell structures of the host.

Abstract: According to some embodiments, a method of providing treatment of a host comprises binding a carrier to cell structures of cells of the host to reduce a likelihood of an agent binding to said cell structures to at least partially inhibits the agent from binding to said cell structures, wherein the carrier comprises a core and a surface functionalized on the core, wherein the functionalized surface bind to target areas of cell structures of the host's cells, and wherein the carrier is to be used as targeted treatment for one or more disease, infections or allergic reactions caused by a disease-causing agent or source.

Abstract: According to some embodiments, a carrier for reducing a likelihood of a pathogen binding to cell structures of a host comprises a core, surface features extending from an exterior surface of the core, wherein the surface features are configured to bind to target areas of cell structures of the host to at least partially block the pathogen from binding to said target areas as a result of competitive inhibition, and a plurality of binding sites along the exterior surface, wherein the binding sites are configured to attract at least one portion of the pathogen, wherein the binding sites are recognizable by the pathogen and are able to be bound by the pathogen, thereby at least partially immobilizing the pathogen and reducing the likelihood of the pathogen binding to target areas of cell structures of the host.

Abstract: According to some embodiments, a method of providing treatment of a host comprises binding a carrier to cell structures of cells of the host to reduce a likelihood of an agent binding to said cell structures to at least partially inhibits the agent from binding to said cell structures, wherein the carrier comprises a core and a surface functionalized on the core, wherein the functionalized surface bind to target areas of cell structures of the host's cells, and wherein the carrier is to be used as targeted treatment for one or more disease, infections or allergic reactions caused by a disease-causing agent or source.

Abstract: According to some embodiments, a carrier for reducing a likelihood of a pathogen binding to cell structures of a host comprises a core, surface features extending from an exterior surface of the core, wherein the surface features are configured to bind to target areas of cell structures of the host to at least partially block the pathogen from binding to said target areas as a result of competitive inhibition, and a plurality of binding sites along the exterior surface, wherein the binding sites are configured to attract at least one portion of the pathogen, wherein the binding sites are recognizable by the pathogen and are able to be bound by the pathogen, thereby at least partially immobilizing the pathogen and reducing the likelihood of the pathogen binding to target areas of cell structures of the host.

Abstract: According to some embodiments, a carrier for reducing a likelihood of a pathogen binding to cell structures of a host comprises a core, surface features extending from an exterior surface of the core, wherein the surface features are configured to bind to target areas of cell structures of the host to at least partially block the pathogen from binding to said target areas as a result of competitive inhibition, and a plurality of binding sites along the exterior surface, wherein the binding sites are configured to attract at least one portion of the pathogen, wherein the binding sites are recognizable by the pathogen and are able to be bound by the pathogen, thereby at least partially immobilizing the pathogen and reducing the likelihood of the pathogen binding to target areas of cell structures of the host.

Abstract: According to some embodiments, a method of reducing the spread of infection by a target pathogen in a host comprises binding a carrier to a target areas of the host's cells to reduce a likelihood that the target pathogen binds to the target areas, thereby blocking at least some of the target areas, and providing a gained advantage to the host's immune system to fight a disease caused by the target pathogen, wherein providing the gained advantage comprises decorating the carrier with epitopes to be used as a vaccination at target cell populations.

Abstract: According to some embodiments, a method of reducing a likelihood of a pathogen binding to cell structures of a host comprises at least partially blocking the pathogen from binding to cell structures of the host as a result of competitive inhibition by delivering a carrier to the host, and at least partially reducing the likelihood of the pathogen binding to target areas of cell structures of the host.

Abstract: According to some embodiments, a carrier for reducing a likelihood of a pathogen binding to cell structures of a host comprises a core, surface features extending from an exterior surface of the core, wherein the surface features are configured to bind to target areas of cell structures of the host to at least partially block the pathogen from binding to said target areas as a result of competitive inhibition, and a plurality of binding sites along the exterior surface, wherein the binding sites are configured to attract at least one portion of the pathogen, wherein the binding sites are recognizable by the pathogen and are able to be bound by the pathogen, thereby at least partially immobilizing the pathogen and reducing the likelihood of the pathogen binding to target areas of cell structures of the host.

Abstract: This invention describes the production of a polymeric film, specifically a mix of two different lattices, in order to obtain a barrier layer in food packaging that reduces bacterial cell growth. Said reduction in bacterial growth is a result of choosing not only a surface with chemical properties to prevent bacterial growth, but also, and especially, controlling the nanostructure of the surface in order to prevent bacterial adhesion and so prevent bacterial film formation. This is done by using a mixture of two lattices and thermally annealing the surface as needed to such surface topography that bacterial growth is decreased. This invention addresses the need for an increased shelf-life of groceries in order to reduce spoilage losses, and thus waste. In addition, this invention supports the need to monitor the spoilage of packaged food so that less food is unnecessarily disposed of and on the other hand, so that spoiled food is not consumed by humans.