Abstract: Embodiments are directed to a link adaptation method that selects the optimum transmission scheme and modulation and coding signal (MCS) level within a MIMO system, based on optimal maximum throughput on the channels. The method selects the MCS levels and spatial rate values for broadband communication systems based on the instantaneous broadband MIMO-OFDM signaling capacities. The transmission rate over the transmission channel is selected based on a comparison of the capacities achieved under diversity coding and spatial multiplexing MIMO transmission schemes. The effect of a particular receiver type or implementation can also be factored into the signaling capacity. For a fixed target probability of error, the scheme or spatial rate that has the higher instantaneous throughput is selected for transmission.

Abstract: Embodiments are directed to a link adaptation method that selects the optimum transmission scheme and modulation and coding signal (MCS) level within a MIMO system, based on optimal maximum throughput on the channels. The method selects the MCS levels and spatial rate values for broadband communication systems based on the instantaneous broadband MIMO-OFDM signaling capacities. The transmission rate over the transmission channel is selected based on a comparison of the capacities achieved under diversity coding and spatial multiplexing MIMO transmission schemes. The effect of a particular receiver type or implementation can also be factored into the signaling capacity. For a fixed target probability of error, the scheme or spatial rate that has the higher instantaneous throughput is selected for transmission.

Abstract: A ladle or tundish has a side wall comprising a refractory lining adapted to be contacted by molten metal, and a concrete wall surrounding the lining and reinforced by metal wires, the side wall being free from a metal shell. Therefore the side wall is relatively permeable to the field of an induction heating coil on the outside of the side wall.

Abstract: A conveyor comprises a driven conveyor reciprocably movable in a horizontal direction between two spaced driven supports. The supports move vertically, before and after the horizontal conveyor movement, to raise objects from the driven conveyor and to lower objects onto the driven conveyor. The driven conveyor and the supports have a common drive motor driving a mechanical driven train, the movements of the driven conveyor and the supports being synchronized with each other so that the driven conveyor interrupts its movements when the supports move. The driven conveyor comprises a carriage movable in a frame and coupled to the drive motor via a crank mechanism, in which a first crank connected to the drive motor engages a guide movably mounted in the frame and actuating the carriage. This guide is arranged to be at rest during a portion of the rotational cycle of the crank.

Abstract: An apparatus for granulating a metal melt which comprises a closed housing having a granulating section and a collecting section for the collection of manufactured powder, the granulating including a casting box and one or more primary nozzles which form decomposing, groove-shaped gas jets which impinge against the stream of metal melt falling from the casting box to form droplets which are then thrown in a parabolic trajectory into the collecting section. The apparatus further includes one or more secondary nozzles producing one or more auxiliary gas jets which are used to increase the breakdown or granulating effect of the groove-shaped gas jets, to control the trajectory of the formed droplets in the collecting section of the housing and to prevent the eddying of the formed droplets towards the primary nozzles from which the groove-shaped gas jets emanate.

Abstract: A method for granulating a metal melt wherein a tap stream of molten metal is granulated by directing a jet of gas having a trough-shaped cross-section against the side of the tap stream such that the tap stream is formed into droplets which are thrown into a parabolic trajectory. An additional gas jet is also directed towards the tap stream so that it hits both the trough-shaped gas jet and the tap stream, the additional gas jet acting to prevent the droplets of metal melt from moving towards the nozzle from which the trough-shaped jet of gas emanates. The nozzle which emits the trough-shaped jet of gas can thus be positioned very closely to the side of the tap stream without becoming clogged with deposited droplets of metal melt.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing billets intended to be subsequently machined into a desired shape by plastic deformation, as by rolling, includes the heating to a predetermined bonding temperature of powder grains enclosed in a capsule, and subjecting the capsule at the bonding temperature to a high pressure sufficient to bond the powder grains together to form a substantially solid body. The capsule is inserted at the bonding temperature into an over-sized forming cavity of a press which includes relatively movable punches, the capsule being completely surrounded within the press by a layer of heat-insulating and pressure-transmitting solid material, such as talc or the like. Thus, when the capsule is subjected to the high pressure upon operation of the press, such material serves as a pressure-transmitting medium through which pressure is applied completely against all sides of the capsule.

Abstract: Apparatus for manufacturing powder, especially metallic powder, by a melt atomization process, comprises a closed container in which a jet of gas is directed transversely into a stream of the melt and breaks it down into droplets which rapidly solidify and are thrown in a parabolic trajectory to the lower part of the container. In the lower part of the container there is an inclined bottom or a shaking table on which the powder flows to an outlet opening. Means are provided for withdrawing gas from the container, cooling it and re-introducing it into the lower part of the container where it is forced by guide means to flow in contact with the powder flowing to the outlet opening. The flow direction of this re-introduced gas is substantially opposite to the direction of flow of the powder to the outlet opening, so that it has an efficient cooling effect on the powder.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for filling a capsule under rotation and a machine for carrying out the method. The capsule is rotated at a variable speed during the filling so that the centrifugal force at the inner surface of powder present in the capsule is essentially equal to the gravity. The centrifugal machine comprises a holder for the capsule and a drive structure by which the holder is driven at variable speed. The amount of supplied powder is measured and the speed is controlled in dependence on the output signal generated by the measurement.

Abstract: A holding force for retaining a billet and die against a die support is obtained by forming a pressure drop in the pressure medium flow in a gap between the billet and a surrounding constructional element inside the pressure chamber. The gap may be formed by the outer surface of the billet and the inner surface of the high pressure chamber. The gap may also be formed between the outer surface of the billet and the inner surface of a spacing tube mounted within the pressure chamber. The spacing tube is constructed with a portion having a smaller diameter than the remainder of the spacing tube to provide a gap to achieve a sufficient pressure drop for retaining the billet and die against the die support.

Abstract: In a press for hydrostatic extrusion, the die has a conical inlet portion and a portion forming a die opening. The die has draining channels which bypass the smallest cross-section of the die opening for the purpose of intercepting and diverting pressure medium which accompanies the billet as it moves down towards the smallest cross-section of the die. This removes any pressure medium which might otherwise pass through the die opening and damage the surface of the extruded article.