Abstract: The cylinder running surfaces of an internal combustion engine are treated with pretreatment and coating baths by using flush-in devices (5, 11) with lances insertable into the cylinder bores (1'). The flush-in devices (5, 11) can be successively connected via manifold devices (10, 12) with reservoirs (V.sub.1 to V.sub.5 ; B.sub.1 to B.sub.3) for different bath liquors. Thus, each flush-in device (5, 11) serves for the successive introduction of different bath liquors into the cylinder bores (1').

Abstract: In a process for cleaning short mineral fibers in which the fibers contaminated with foreign bodies are separated from the foreign bodies, at least starting with a certain size, whereby mechanical damage to the fibers is avoided. For this purpose, the crude fiber material to be cleaned is added to a carrier medium which is set in a flowing motion and subsequently passed along a separation apparatus with at least one slot-like recess in the direction of the longitudinal extension of the recess. Thus, at least part of the carrier medium passes from an upstream side through the recess, together with the fibers, to a downstream side. In this way, a fiber filtrate is produced, of which the degree of purity is solely determined by the width of the recess. The carrier medium mixed with the crude material can be circulated in the cleaning process, with the carrier medium separated from the clean fiber filtrate being continuously returned to said circulation as well.

Abstract: Liquid enzyme preparations comprising at least one anhydrous organic liquid as a vehicle for one or more enzymes and methods for using such preparations e.g. in beamhouse operations in the commercial production of leather.

Abstract: The soaking of hides and skins is enzymatically assisted in a method using an aqueous float having a pH from 9 to 11 which containsA) a lipase having an activity optimum in the pH region from 9 to 11,B) a protease with activity in the pH region from 9 to 11, andC) a surface active agent.

Abstract: A method for the wet degreasing of raw hides and skins, pelts, and wet blues under the conditions of enzymatic bating, wherein enzymatic bating of the hide stock is carried out with proteolytic enzymes in the presence of synthetic surface active substances, for example, a mixture of a non-ionic emulsifier and anionic emulsifier.

Abstract: Tanning agents containing a complex formed between chromium ions and an acrylate or methacrylate polymer and further including an organically bound thio group present in said polymer or in a mercapto compound added to the tanning agents, and methods for pickling, tanning, and retanning skins and hides with such tanning agents.

Abstract: A process for liming skins and hides with preservation and separation of the hair, including the following successive steps:(A) a soaking step in a aqueous liquor containing a surfactant;(B) an incubation step in an aqueous liquor free of inorganic sulfur but containing hydrotropes and organic sulfur compounds as unhairing agents;(C) an step for immunization of the hair at a pH between 10 and 14;(D) a hair loosening step in which inorganic sulfide is added to the float;(E) a separation step in which the hair is separated from the skins and hides; and(F) a liming step in which the pelts so obtained are limed in an aqueous alkaline liquor comprising liming aids.

Abstract: Liquid enzyme preparations comprising at least one anhydrous organic liquid as a vehicle for one or more enzymes and methods for using such preparations e.g. in beamhouse operations in the commercial production of leather.

Abstract: Methods for making leather from animal hides and skins in the presence of surface active agents wherein certain phosphonic acid compounds are used in place of, or in combination with, known surface active agents.

Abstract: An enzymatic method for the unhairing of hides and skins in the alkaline pH range by treating them in a liquor at a pH from 9 to 11 with a proteolytic enzyme having an optimum activity in the pH range from 2 to 7.5, and then unhairing.

Abstract: What is disclosed is a process for the unhairing and subsequent curing of hides and skins, which comprises washing flayed skins and hides to remove adhering dirt, then soaking said skins and hides and freeing them of hair and scud with a short term unhairing, reversing the swelling of said skins and hides and neutralizing them, and curing said skins and hides with salt, said skins and hides being mechanically fleshed either after washing or at some later time in the process as recited.

Abstract: What are disclosed are improved methods for the preparation of leather wherein, in one or more steps for preparing leather from limed animal skins or hides, including beamhouse operations such as deliming, bating, pickling, and degreasing to prepare unhaired tannable hides from animal skins or hides, and including subsequent tanning, retanning, and dyeing steps performed on said unhaired tannable hides, small amounts of a high polymeric water soluble cellulose ether or of an acrylic polymer are added to at least one of the treating baths involved in such method steps as a lubricant for said skins or hides.

Abstract: A method and a device for converting and separating substances dissolved in a carrier fluid, more particularly proteides or proteins, by adding and mixing with an agent, e.g. enzymes, which brings about the chemical reaction or the build-up or breakdown of the molecules of the substances and causes them to precipitate. In addition these substances are mixed and come to an accelerated reaction with the agent in at least one circuit flow through a jet immersion reactor while a gas is supplied intensively thereto before froth flotation of the precipitated substances is carried out after adding means assisting flotation.

Abstract: What is disclosed are improved methods for the preparation of leather wherein, in one or more steps for preparing leather from animal skins or hides, including beamhouse operations such as soaking, dehairing, opening of the hide structure, deliming, bating, pickling, and degreasing to prepare dehaired tannable hides from animal skins or hides, and including subsequent tanning, retanning, and dying steps performed on said tannable hides, a thickening agent is added to at least one of the treating baths involved in such method steps.

Abstract: What is disclosed is a method for liming animal skins and hides which comprises treating said skins and hides with an aqueous alkaline liming liquor comprising a protective colloid, for example a protein such as gelatin, glue, or casein, or a water-soluble alkali-stable polymethacrylate.

Abstract: What is disclosed is a method for soaking preserved skins or hides adaptable to the preparation of leather which comprises soaking said skins or hides in an aqueous bath containing a compound selected from the group of compounds of the formula ##STR1## and acid addition salts thereof, wherein R taken alone is --H, --NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.3, or --NHCN, X taken alone is .dbd.O, .dbd.S, or .dbd.NH, and R and X taken together form a five- or six-membered heterocyclic ring having conjugated double bonds and containing only nitrogen as a hetero atom.

Abstract: What is disclosed are a method for treating pelts or leather in the beamhouse, for tanning, or as an aftertreatment, which method comprises contacting said pelts or leather with an aqueous solution or dispersion of a copolymer comprising monomers of a nitrogenous ester of acrylic acid or of methacrylic acid, a further different ester of acrylic acid or of methacrylic acid, and acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, whereby portions of said copolymer are deposited in the grain layer without formation of a superficial film, and pelts and leather treated by this method.

Abstract: What is disclosed is a method for soaking dried or salted fur pelts which comprises soaking said pelts in an aqueous bath containing at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds of the formula ##STR1## and acid addition salts of such compounds, wherein R taken alone is --H, --NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.3, or --NHCN, X taken alone is .dbd.O, .dbd.S, or .dbd.NH, and R and X taken together form a five- or six-membered heterocyclic ring having conjugated double bonds therein and containing only nitrogen as a hetero atom.

Abstract: What is disclosed is a method for liming animal skins and hides which comprises treating said skins and hides with an aqueous alkaline liming liquor comprising a protective colloid, for example a protein such as gelatin, glue, or casein, or a water-soluble alkali-stable polymethacrylate.

Abstract: What is disclosed is a method for the recovery of hair from an animal hide and for a concurrent opening of the hide structure using a proteolytic enzyme, which method comprises first pre-treating the hide, free of preservative salt, in the acid pH region with a material cleaving disulfide bridges and then, without a previous softening, concurrently loosening hair and opening the hide structure by treating said hide with a protease, effective in the alkaline region, at a pH value of about 11 to about 13.