Abstract: Method of switching electrical loads having one side thereof at reference potential and being connected in d-c networks with n-channel MOS switching transistors includes applying a control voltage which is at least equal to a sum of voltages of a respective d-c network plus a voltage of the gate-source path of a respective switching transistor to a gate of the respective switching transistor; and device for performing the method.

Abstract: Method for entering coordinates of starting and destination points into a navigation system for vehicles operating according to the principle of dead reckoning navigation, which includes representing the coordinates in a pattern with a bar code, and setting the coordinates into the navigation system with an optical or magnetic code reader, and a device for carrying out the method.

Abstract: A device for measuring the fill level in a container at least partially filled with a liquid, particularly for determining the liquid level in a fuel tank, in which a measuring resistor, comprising a metallic resistance layer having a great temperature coefficient of the specific resistance is carried by a carrier foil. The portion of the resistance layer disposed in the liquid remains cold, while that portion above the liquid is at a higher temperature, whereby the difference between the present resistance and that of an empty tank is proportional to the fill level within the tank. The change of resistance preferably is measured in connection with that of a comparator resistor which is not heated and compensates for temperature influence etc. An influence on the measurement due to convection in the fuel tank is prevented by means of covering sheets which are spaced a small distance from the resistors by means of suitable spacing strips.

Abstract: An electronic magneto ignition for internal combustion engines has a permanent magnet mounted on the engine fly wheel and rotating therewith. A magnetic field coil has a primary winding and a secondary winding in which ignition current and ignition voltage, respectively, are produced during the passage of the permanent magnet. A switching transistor is connected in parallel with the primary winding and in parallel with a diode poled opposite to the emitter-collector path of the transistor. An electronic control circuit blocks the switching transistor at the desired ignition time so that the primary circuit is interrupted and the high voltage for the combustion of the fuel is produced in the secondary winding. In the electronic control circuit, a parallel circuit consisting of a first control coil, which has a resistor in series therewith, and a thyristor is connected from the base to the emitter of the switching transistor.