Abstract: The safety of redox flow batteries systems employing CN-liganded electrolytes concerns preventing the production of poisonous HCN during operation. Systems are disclosed herein for the detection of parameters under which HCN may be produced when the redox flow batteries are operated under fault conditions, performing corrective actions to ensure HCN is not formed, and further returning the redox flow battery to a normal operating state. Methods employing the systems are also disclosed herein.

Abstract: An electrochemical system includes a first reservoir comprising a first fluid and a catalyst, wherein the first fluid comprises a reaction mixture that reacts to form first and second products, and a second reservoir comprises a second fluid. A first electrode contacts a redox-active electrolyte material solution and has a reversible redox reaction with the electrolyte material to accept at least one ion. A second electrode contacts a redox-active electrolyte material solution and has a reversible redox reaction with the electrolyte material to drive at least one ion into the second fluid as an electrical potential is supplied. A diluted effluent comprising the second product and the catalyst exits the second reservoir, wherein the second product is removed from the first reservoir via electroosmosis, and optionally concurrently via osmosis, and a product stream comprising the first product exits the first reservoir.

Abstract: A system comprises an electrodialysis apparatus, which includes first and second reservoirs, wherein a salt concentration in the first reservoir reduces below a threshold concentration and salt concentration in the second reservoir increases during an operation mode. A first electrode comprises a first solution of a first redox-active electrolyte material, and a second electrode comprises a second solution of a second redox-active electrolyte material. In a first reversible redox reaction between the first electrode and first electrolyte material at least one ion is accepted from the first reservoir, and in a second reversible redox reaction between the second electrode and second electrolyte material at least one ion is driven into the second reservoir. A first type of membrane is disposed between the first and second reservoirs, and a second type of membrane, different from the first type, is disposed between the respective electrodes and reservoirs.

Abstract: A liquid desiccant regenerator configured to produce a first output stream with a higher concentration of a liquid desiccant than a first input stream. The regenerator also produces a second output stream with a lower concentration of the liquid desiccant than a second input stream. Regeneration of the liquid desiccant in the liquid desiccant regenerator decreases a temperature of the liquid desiccant regenerator. The system includes an air contactor coupled to the first output stream and exposing an input air stream to the first output stream. The first output stream absorbs water from the input air stream to form at least one diluted output desiccant stream. A heat pump of the system is thermally coupled to move the heat from the first output stream to the liquid desiccant regenerator. The heat moved to the liquid desiccant regenerator increases an efficiency of the liquid desiccant regenerator.

Abstract: An electrodialysis apparatus comprises a first reservoir wherein salt dissolved in solvent is reduced below a threshold concentration and a second reservoir wherein the salt concentration increases. A first electrode contacts a first solution of a first redox-active electrolyte material, and a second electrode contacts a second solution of a second redox-active electrolyte material. A first type of membrane is disposed between the first and second reservoirs and a second type of membrane is disposed between the first electrode and the first reservoir and between the second electrode and the second reservoir. A color measuring device is coupled to at least one of the solutions, and a control system is configured to modify the value of a property of at least one of the first and second solutions in response to detecting a color value of one of the solutions exceeding a threshold color value.

Abstract: A system comprises a liquid desiccant regeneration system, a first air contactor stage, and a second air contactor stage. The regeneration system has a first stage with a first concentration output and first diluted output, and a second stage with a second concentration output, different from the first concentration output, and a second diluted output. The first air contactor stage is coupled to the first concentrated output to form a first output air stream having a reduced water content and a first diluted air contactor output. The second air contactor stage is coupled to the second concentrated output to form a second output air stream having a reduced water content and a second diluted air contactor output. Both diluted air contactor outputs are recirculated into the regeneration system, and the output air streams are combined.

Abstract: An electrochemical device comprises a first type of membrane disposed between first and second reservoirs containing an input solution, and a second type of membrane, different from the first type, is disposed between a first redox-active electrolyte chamber and the first reservoir and disposed between a second redox-active electrolyte chamber and the second reservoir. The first type of membrane and one of the second type of membranes form a membrane pair and the pair has an area specific resistance below y=5065.3x3?1331.1x2+90.035x+39 Ohm cm2 when the pair is equilibrated in an electrolyte and for at least part of a range where 0<x<0.4 and x is the mass fraction of salt in the electrolyte.

Abstract: Air flows across an air-liquid interface such that liquid desiccant flowing through the interface absorbs water from the air and is thereby diluted to form an output stream. The output stream is circulated through an electrodialytic stack having a central ionic exchange membrane and first and second outer ionic exchange membranes. A redox shuttle loop circulates around the first and second outer ionic exchange membranes. A voltage is applied across the electrodialytic stack, which regenerates the liquid desiccant.

Abstract: An electrodialysis apparatus comprises a first reservoir wherein salt dissolved in solvent is reduced below a threshold concentration and a second reservoir wherein the salt concentration increases. A first electrode contacts a first solution of a first redox-active electrolyte material, and a second electrode contacts a second solution of a second redox-active electrolyte material. A first type of membrane is disposed between the first and second reservoirs and a second type of membrane is disposed between the first electrode and the first reservoir and between the second electrode and the second reservoir. A color measuring device is coupled to at least one of the solutions, and a control system is configured to modify the value of a property of at least one of the first and second solutions in response to detecting a color value of one of the solutions exceeding a threshold color value.

Abstract: The invention relates to synthetic methods for the functionalization of an anthraquinone molecule comprising at least one amino-or carbonyl-substituent. In some aspects of the invention, the synthetic functionalization of the anthraquinone molecule takes place electrochemically within a divided electrolytic cell, e.g., the cell of a redox flow battery.

Abstract: A system comprises a liquid desiccant regeneration system, a first air contactor stage, and a second air contactor stage. The regeneration system has a first stage with a first concentration output and first diluted output, and a second stage with a second concentration output, different from the first concentration output, and a second diluted output. The first air contactor stage is coupled to the first concentrated output to form a first output air stream having a reduced water content and a first diluted air contactor output. The second air contactor stage is coupled to the second concentrated output to form a second output air stream having a reduced water content and a second diluted air contactor output. Both diluted air contactor outputs are recirculated into the regeneration system, and the output air streams are combined.

Abstract: Air flows across an air-liquid interface such that liquid desiccant flowing through the interface absorbs water from the air and is thereby diluted to form an output stream. The output stream is circulated through an electrodialytic stack having a central ionic exchange membrane and first and second outer ionic exchange membranes. A redox shuttle loop circulates around the first and second outer ionic exchange membranes. A voltage is applied across the electrodialytic stack, which regenerates the liquid desiccant.

Abstract: A liquid desiccant regenerator configured to produce a first output stream with a higher concentration of a liquid desiccant than a first input stream. The regenerator also produces a second output stream with a lower concentration of the liquid desiccant than a second input stream. Regeneration of the liquid desiccant in the liquid desiccant regenerator decreases a temperature of the liquid desiccant regenerator. The system includes an air contactor coupled to the first output stream and exposing an input air stream to the first output stream. The first output stream absorbs water from the input air stream to form at least one diluted output desiccant stream. A heat pump of the system is thermally coupled to move the heat from the first output stream to the liquid desiccant regenerator. The heat moved to the liquid desiccant regenerator increases an efficiency of the liquid desiccant regenerator.

Abstract: A membraneless electrochemical device comprises a fluid feed stream input to the membraneless electrochemical cell, a first electrode, and a second electrode. The first electrode comprises a first redox-active material configured to have a proton-coupled oxidation reaction with a first portion of the fluid feed stream, and the second electrode comprises a second redox-active material configured to have a proton-coupled reduction reaction with a second portion of the fluid feed stream. The first portion and the second portion of the fluid feed stream are separated. A first effluent stream comprises the first portion and has a first pH, and a second effluent stream comprises the second portion and has a second pH, different from the first pH.

Abstract: A system includes an electrochemical regenerator configured to receive a first solution having a first salt concentration and output a second solution having a second salt concentration lower than the first salt concentration and a third solution having a third salt concentration higher than the first salt concentration. The first and second solutions are sent to first and second reservoirs respectively absorb and emit heat in response to a phase change of one of the solutions. The absorption or emission of heat can be used in a heat pump system.

Abstract: A redox-active compound is disclosed that is the reaction product of an electron-withdrawing monomer, a cross-linker, and a redox-active moiety. The cross-linker may be connected to the redox-active moiety through the electron-withdrawing functional group. The redox-active compound has a reduced form and an oxidized form and neither the reduced form nor the oxidized form is decomposed by oxygen. The redox-active compound may be used to create a pH gradient in a fluid stream. A redox-active composition may include the redox-active compound, a binder, and a current collector. The redox-active composition may be part of a membraneless electrochemical cell.

Abstract: An electrochemical system has a first reservoir receiving a feed stream. The feed stream includes a solvent and a solute different than the salt. A second reservoir receives a brine stream with a higher salt concentration higher than the feed stream. Electrodes contact a loop of redox-active electrolyte material causing reversible redox reactions. The reactions cause the loop to accept a first ion from the salt in the first reservoir and drive a second ion into the brine stream in the second reservoir. Three ionic exchange membranes of alternating type define the first and second reservoirs. A concentrate stream is output from the first reservoir, the concentrate stream having a second solute concentration greater than the first solute concentration.

Abstract: A liquid desiccant regenerator configured to produce a first output stream with a higher concentration of a liquid desiccant than a first input stream. The regenerator also produces a second output stream with a lower concentration of the liquid desiccant than a second input stream. Regeneration of the liquid desiccant in the liquid desiccant regenerator decreases a temperature of the liquid desiccant regenerator. The system includes an air contactor coupled to the first output stream and exposing an input air stream to the first output stream. The first output stream absorbs water from the input air stream to form at least one diluted output desiccant stream. A heat pump of the system is thermally coupled to move the heat from the first output stream to the liquid desiccant regenerator. The heat moved to the liquid desiccant regenerator increases an efficiency of the liquid desiccant regenerator.

Abstract: A system comprises an electrodialysis apparatus, which includes first and second reservoirs, wherein a salt concentration in the first reservoir reduces below a threshold concentration and salt concentration in the second reservoir increases during an operation mode. A first electrode comprises a first solution of a first redox-active electrolyte material, and a second electrode comprises a second solution of a second redox-active electrolyte material. In a first reversible redox reaction between the first electrode and first electrolyte material at least one ion is accepted from the first reservoir, and in a second reversible redox reaction between the second electrode and second electrolyte material at least one ion is driven into the second reservoir. A first type of membrane is disposed between the first and second reservoirs, and a second type of membrane, different from the first type, is disposed between the respective electrodes and reservoirs.

Abstract: A radiative cooling composition comprises a first component having >55% reflectance in a wavelength range of 0.2 to 2.5 ?m and a second component having >0.85 peak thermal emissivity for at least one wavelength in a range of 4-35 ?m. A third pigmented component of the composition is configured to emit at least a fraction of absorbed energy, and in certain embodiments the pigmented component comprises at least one phosphor.