Abstract: A method according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure may comprise: when a vehicle being performing a driving negotiation moves, receiving, by an RSU, a first message including a first temporary identification (ID) of the vehicle from a first RSU on a past route of the vehicle; receiving, by the RSU, a second message including a second temporary ID of the vehicle identified by a closed-circuit television (CCTV) in a communicable area of the RSU from the CCTV; checking, by the RSU, the second temporary ID of the vehicle based on the second message received from the CCTV; and identifying, by the RSU, the vehicle as a target to extend the driving negotiation and performing the driving negotiation with the identified vehicle.

Abstract: Provided are a controller area network (CAN) intrusion detection system (IDS) and an operating method thereof. The operating method includes receiving, by a CAN packet mirroring system, a CAN message from a CAN driver existing in an AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture (AUTOSAR) protocol data unit (PDU) router (PduR) region of an AUTOSAR layer, storing the received CAN message in a plurality of storage regions of a memory, reading, by an IDS core, data copied by the CAN packet mirroring system and transmitting the copied data to a detection engine base, and separately managing, by the IDS core of an IDS core layer, a first memory region for storing a policy binary file which is policy rules of the IDS and a second memory region for storing a buffering table for buffering and storing the CAN message.

Abstract: Disclosed are an apparatus and method for constructing an intrusion detection system applied to CAN communication. The method for constructing an intrusion detection system applied to CAN communication may include extracting standard information by parsing an input file associated with CAN communication, setting a policy rule by applying at least one of a static ruleset and a custom ruleset using the extracted standard information, and creating a policy file to be applied to the intrusion detection system by packing the standard information and the policy rule.

Abstract: A vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication-based electronic toll collection system (ETCS) according to an embodiment of the present invention includes at least one roadside unit (RSU), a token issuer checking a de-identified token of a vehicle by communicating with an on-board unit (OBU) of the vehicle via the at least one roadside unit, and a clearing house communicating with the token issuer and charging a toll to a driver/owner of the vehicle. The token issuer generates toll information of the vehicle based on the de-identified token of the vehicle and location information of the at least one roadside unit involved in checking the de-identified token.

Abstract: A device for secure and automated enrollment-certificate bootstrapping on keys and certificates for a vehicle to everything (V2X) environment of a V2X end entity in a security credential management system (SCMS) for V2X communication, the device comprising: a processor; and a memory configured to store at least one instruction to be performed by the processor, the at least one instruction is configured to instruct the processor to perform steps of: by a secure bootstrapping service (SBS) agent, checking, for an SSB server, configuration information; by the SBS agent, making a request for bootstrapping data to the SBS server; and by the SBS agent, installing the bootstrapping data in the SBS server.

Abstract: A message hop-based communication method of guaranteeing real-time communication in a vehicle communication environment may comprise: receiving, by a first on-board unit (OBU) of a first vehicle, a first message including a message frame (MF) for probe vehicle data (PVD) from a road side unit (RSU); and transmitting a second message, including an MF for a basic safety message (BSM), to a second OBU of a second vehicle, the second message corresponding to the first message, wherein the PVD and the BSM each comprise a data frame for a hopping request.

Abstract: A method of extending message nodes of an Open Mobile Alliance (OMA)-Device Management (DM) protocol, which is performed by a server to improve efficiency of a vehicle over-the air (OTA) update, may comprise: receiving a package including vehicle device information (DevInfo) from a client of a vehicle; and checking an update state of software (SW) installed on the client on the basis of information having a field for defining information on a vehicle registration district, a field for defining information on a production year of the vehicle, and an SW field for defining an SW expansion which are included in the DevInfo.

Abstract: A vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication-based electronic toll collection system (ETCS) according to an embodiment of the present invention includes at least one roadside unit (RSU), a token issuer checking a de-identified token of a vehicle by communicating with an on-board unit (OBU) of the vehicle via the at least one roadside unit, and a clearing house communicating with the token issuer and charging a toll to a driver/owner of the vehicle. The token issuer generates toll information of the vehicle based on the de-identified token of the vehicle and location information of the at least one roadside unit involved in checking the de-identified token.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and apparatus for detecting anomalies in a system log on the basis of self-supervised learning, using a language model. The method comprises performing preprocessing on the system log, generating a normal token sequence having a preset length by concatenating tokenized log lines of the system log, generating an abnormal token sequence using the normal token sequence, calculating an anomaly score for a determination target token sequence using a sentence classification model, and determining the token sequence as an abnormal system log when the calculated anomaly score is greater than a threshold value.

Abstract: A method of distributedly storing data in a system comprising a plurality of edge nodes communicatively coupled to an end device and a central cloud. The method includes: receiving, by a first edge node, data transmitted by the end device; assigning, by the first edge node, a data tag to received data according to attributes of the received data and duplicating the received data to generate a tagged data copy; and transmitting, by the first edge node, the tagged data copy to at least one second edge node determined by a data distribution policy determined by the central cloud directly or through the central cloud, so that the at least one second edge node store the tagged data copy in a storage.

Abstract: A method of detecting an anomaly of a road side unit, which is performed by an anomaly detecting apparatus interworking with one or more road side units, may comprise: receiving traffic data from each of the one or more road side units; performing grouping on the one or more road side units based on the traffic data; generating input data of an artificial neural network based on a result of the performing of the grouping; generating output data of the artificial neural network based on the input data; and detecting an anomaly of each of the one or more road side units based on the output data.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a surface defect detection method and apparatus. The surface defect detection method is performed by the surface defect detection apparatus. The surface defect detection method includes: acquiring a photographed image of an inspection target object; and detecting a defect by using the acquired photographed image. Acquiring the photographed image includes radiating pattern light of a stripe pattern having a predetermined interval onto a surface of the inspection target object, and acquiring a photographed image by photographing reflected light reflected from the surface of the inspection target object.

Abstract: An intrusion detection method for a CAN, performed by a processor, may comprise: collecting CAN IDs from the CAN in an order of occurrence; generating a sequence of a predetermined number L of CAN IDs from the collected CAN IDs, L being an integer greater than or equal to 1; and inputting the sequence into a bi-directional GPT2 network and calculating a value of a loss function corresponding to the sequence, wherein when a number of allowed CAN IDs is K, the allowed CAN IDs in the sequence are sorted in an order of magnitude and converted into values 0 to K?1, CAN IDs that are not allowed in the sequence are converted to K, the sequence is input to the bidirectional GPT2 network, and K is an integer equal to or greater than 1.

Abstract: Provided is a method for detecting a driver's abnormalities based on a CAN (Controller Area Network) bus network communicating with an ECU (Electronic Control Unit) of a vehicle. The method may include: acquiring a CAN bus signal related to an operation of the vehicle from the CAN bus network; extracting a detection vector from the CAN bus signal using an auto encoder; and detecting a driver's abnormality based on the detection vector.

Abstract: A device for secure and automated enrollment-certificate bootstrapping on keys and certificates for a vehicle to everything (V2X) environment of a V2X end entity in a security credential management system (SCMS) for V2X communication, the device comprising: a processor; and a memory configured to store at least one instruction to be performed by the processor, the at least one instruction is configured to instruct the processor to perform steps of: by a secure bootstrapping service (SBS) agent, checking, for an SSB server, configuration information; by the SBS agent, making a request for bootstrapping data to the SBS server; and by the SBS agent, installing the bootstrapping data in the SBS server.

Abstract: A pseudonym certificate management method, performed by a pseudonym certificate management apparatus interworking with an external server, may comprise: receiving, from the external server, a pseudonym certificate in a state locked based on a root value identifiable only by the external server; periodically receiving an unlocking key for the pseudonym certificate from the external server; activating the pseudonym certificate with the unlocking key; and when the activated pseudonym certificate is abnormal, deactivating the pseudonym certificate.

Abstract: An operation method of a communication node in a communication network may comprise receiving CAN signals from a plurality of CAN communication nodes; generating forward input data by performing forward preprocessing on the received CAN signals based on forward sampling times; generating forward mask data for the forward input data and forward time interval data according to the forward sampling times; generating backward input data by performing backward preprocessing on the CAN signals based on backward sampling times; generating backward mask data for the backward input data and backward time interval data according to the backward sampling times; and detecting an abnormal signal among the CAN signals by inputting the forward input data, forward mask data, forward time interval data, backward input data, backward mask data, and backward time interval data into a gated recurrent unit-decay (GRU-D) neural network.

Abstract: A maskless exposure apparatus includes a light source, an optical head including a light modulator and an optical system, and reflecting light from the light source to radiate the light to a substrate to be exposed, a stage supporting the substrate and moving the substrate in a scanning direction, where the substrate is rotated such that a reference line of the substrate is at a first angle with respect to the scanning direction, and an optical head rotating unit rotating the optical head. When patterns are formed on the substrate in a direction of a first row and an nth row that is substantially perpendicular to the reference line, the first angle is set such that illuminations accumulated, by a beam spot array, in first portions and second portions on the substrate respectively corresponding to the patterns of the first row and the patterns of the nth row vary.

Abstract: A method of distributedly storing data in a system comprising a plurality of edge nodes communicatively coupled to an end device and a central cloud. The method includes: receiving, by a first edge node, data transmitted by the end device; assigning, by the first edge node, a data tag to received data according to attributes of the received data and duplicating the received data to generate a tagged data copy; and transmitting, by the first edge node, the tagged data copy to at least one second edge node determined by a data distribution policy determined by the central cloud directly or through the central cloud, so that the at least one second edge node store the tagged data copy in a storage.

Abstract: A pseudonym certificate management method, performed by a pseudonym certificate management apparatus interworking with an external server, may comprise: receiving, from the external server, a pseudonym certificate in a state locked based on a root value identifiable only by the external server; periodically receiving an unlocking key for the pseudonym certificate from the external server; activating the pseudonym certificate with the unlocking key; and when the activated pseudonym certificate is abnormal, deactivating the pseudonym certificate.