Abstract: In an embodiment a shape-transformable switch apparatus includes a housing comprising an accommodating region with a high voltage electrode, a Electrorheological (ER) fluid located in the accommodating region, the ER fluid configured to change viscosity and rigidity, a switch cover shielding an upper portion of the housing, the switch cover configured to change a shape based on changes of the viscosity and of the rigidity of the ER fluid; and a controller configured to allow a voltage to be applied to the high voltage electrode such that an electrostatic attraction is generated so that the ER fluid flows and is pressed against the switch cover thereby changing a shape of the switch cover.

Abstract: Provided is an impact type vibration actuator including a permanent magnet having a stopper insertion portion; a linear guide surrounding the permanent magnet; a stopper protruding into the linear guide and inserted into the stopper insertion portion; and coils provided on at least one end of the permanent magnet to provide alternately attraction and repulsion to the permanent magnet. According to the present invention, since a permanent magnet is not connected to the vibration mass, it is possible to adjust the vibration frequency in a very wide range by adjusting the frequency of the power source applied to the coil, and to adjust vibration intensity by appropriately selecting current intensity, a stopper interval, an elastic means, and the like. In addition, through this, it is possible to provide much more various haptic feedbacks than the prior art.

Abstract: Provided is an impact type vibration actuator including a permanent magnet having a stopper insertion portion; a linear guide surrounding the permanent magnet; a stopper protruding into the linear guide and inserted into the stopper insertion portion; and coils provided on at least one end of the permanent magnet to provide alternately attraction and repulsion to the permanent magnet. According to the present invention, since a permanent magnet is not connected to the vibration mass, it is possible to adjust the vibration frequency in a very wide range by adjusting the frequency of the power source applied to the coil, and to adjust vibration intensity by appropriately selecting current intensity, a stopper interval, an elastic means, and the like. In addition, through this, it is possible to provide much more various haptic feedbacks than the prior art.

Abstract: Cut filler compositions, cigarettes, methods for making cigarettes and methods for smoking cigarettes are provided, which involve the use of nanoparticle additives capable of reducing amounts of at least one constituent from mainstream and/or sidestream tobacco smoke, the at least one constituent being selected from the group consisting of aldehyde, carbon monoxide, 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, acrolein, acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide, o-toluidine, 2-naphtylamine, nitrogen oxide, benzene, N-nitrosonornicotine, phenol, catechol, benz(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the nanoparticle additives are effective as an oxidant for the conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and/or as a catalyst for the conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and/or catalyst for conversion of aldehydes such as acetaldehyde and acrolein, hydrocarbons such as isoprene and/or phenolic compounds such as catechol to carbon dioxide and water vapor.

Abstract: Cut filler compositions, cigarettes, methods for making cigarettes and methods for smoking cigarettes are provided, which involve the use of nanoparticle additives capable of reducing amounts of at least one constituent from mainstream and/or sidestream tobacco smoke, the at least one constituent being selected from the group consisting of aldehyde, carbon monoxide, 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, acrolein, acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide, o-toluidine, 2-naphtylamine, nitrogen oxide, benzene, N-nitrosonornicotine, phenol, catechol, benz(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the nanoparticle additives are effective as an oxidant for the conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and/or as a catalyst for the conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and/or catalyst for conversion of aldehydes such as acetaldehyde and acrolein, hydrocarbons such as isoprene and/or phenolic compounds such as catechol to carbon dioxide and water vapor.