Abstract: Provided herein are methods for managing, treating, or preventing immune disorders, such as autoimmune diseases, using proteins that specifically bind to Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) and modulate the expression and/or activity of PD-1.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods for managing, treating, or preventing immune disorders, such as autoimmune diseases, using proteins that specifically bind to Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) and modulate the expression and/or activity of PD-1.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods for managing, treating, or preventing immune disorders, such as autoimmune diseases, using proteins that specifically bind to Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) and modulate the expression and/or activity of PD-1.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to stretching apparatus and method for aligning microfibrils. Specifically, the present disclosure provides an apparatus for aligning microfibrils along a single direction, which includes: a first elastic substrate onto which a composition containing microfibrils is loaded; and a stretching module which stretches the width of the elastic substrate. In accordance with the apparatus the present disclosure, microfibrils or cells may be aligned along a particular direction simply by pulling and then releasing the elastic substrate. The present disclosure is also useful for culturing of the aligned cells because the physiological activity of the cells can be maintained and cytotoxicity can be prevented.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to stretching apparatus and method for aligning microfibrils. Specifically, the present disclosure provides an apparatus for aligning microfibrils along a single direction, which includes: a first elastic substrate onto which a composition containing microfibrils is loaded; and a stretching module which stretches the width of the elastic substrate. In accordance with the apparatus the present disclosure, microfibrils or cells may be aligned along a particular direction simply by pulling and then releasing the elastic substrate. The present disclosure is also useful for culturing of the aligned cells because the physiological activity of the cells can be maintained and cytotoxicity can be prevented.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of protecting cells against damage caused at least in part by apoptosis, comprising administering to subjects a therapeutic dose of leumorphin having cytoprotective activity, and a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of leumorphin having a cytoprotective activity.

Abstract: Methods are provided for the inhibition or prevention of relapses in pre-existing autoimmune disease by decreasing activity or expression of osteopontin in immune cells found in tissues affected by the autoimmune disease. Osteopontin is shown herein to mediate autoimmune relapses and induce a shift to the secondary or progressive stage in autoimmune disease. Osteopontin promotes the survival of activated T cells through regulation of transcription factors, FoxO3a and NF-?B and via the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of protecting cells against damage caused at least in part by apoptosis, comprising administering to subjects a therapeutic dose of leumorphin having cytoprotective activity, and a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of leumorphin having a cytoprotective activity.

Abstract: The present invention relates to use of rosmarinic acid and/or derivatives thereof as immunosuppressive agents and/or as inhibitor of SH2 domain function. Disclosed in the present invention is that rosmarinic acid and derivatives thereof specifically inhibit the binding of ligand peptides to Lck SH2 domain, disturb the Lck-mediated signal transduction in T cells, also inhibit cytoline gene expression, and suppress immune responses in the transplanted tissue. These activities of rosmarinic acid and derivatives thereof support their applicability to treatment, prevention and/or diagnosis of graft rejection, GVHD, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, etc.