Abstract: A method of generating a 3D microstructure using a neural network includes configuring an initial 3D microstructure; obtaining a plurality of cross-sectional images by disassembling the initial 3D microstructure in at least one direction of the initial 3D microstructure; obtaining first output feature maps with respect to at least one layer that constitutes the neural network by inputting each of the cross-sectional images to the neural network; obtaining second output feature maps with respect to at least one layer by inputting a 2D original image to the neural network; generating a 3D gradient by applying a loss value to a back-propagation algorithm after calculating the loss value by comparing the first output feature maps with the second output feature maps; and generating a final 3D microstructure based on the 2D original image by reflecting the 3D gradient to the initial 3D microstructure.

Abstract: A method of generating a 3D microstructure using a neural network includes configuring an initial 3D microstructure; obtaining a plurality of cross-sectional images by disassembling the initial 3D microstructure in at least one direction of the initial 3D microstructure; obtaining first output feature maps with respect to at least one layer that constitutes the neural network by inputting each of the cross-sectional images to the neural network; obtaining second output feature maps with respect to at least one layer by inputting a 2D original image to the neural network; generating a 3D gradient by applying a loss value to a back-propagation algorithm after calculating the loss value by comparing the first output feature maps with the second output feature maps; and generating a final 3D microstructure based on the 2D original image by reflecting the 3D gradient to the initial 3D microstructure.

Abstract: Amplification waveguide devices and beam steering apparatuses including the same may include a first core layer through which light is directed, an active layer that amplifies light incident thereof from the first core layer to generate amplified light, and a second core layer that directs amplified light that is incident on the second core layer from the active layer therethrough.

Abstract: Polyamic acid including structural units of the following Chemical Formulae 1 and 2 is provided: In Chemical Formulae 1 and 2, each substituent is as defined in the detailed description.

Abstract: A polyimide precursor composition includes an oligomer or polymer having a substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl group only in a side chain and a diamine compound. A method of manufacturing a polyimide, and a polyimide film, are also disclosed.

Abstract: Polyamic acid including structural units of the following Chemical Formulae 1 and 2 is provided: In Chemical Formulae 1 and 2, each substituent is as defined in the detailed description.

Abstract: A polyimide precursor composition includes an oligomer or polymer having a substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl group only in a side chain and a diamine compound. A method of manufacturing a polyimide, and a polyimide film, are also disclosed.