Abstract: In one aspect, the disclosure relates to test strips for detecting and/or monitoring the treatment of a disease in a subject. The test strips are inexpensive and disposable and can be used directly with clinical biological samples from patients including, but not limited to, blood, plasma, saliva, and urine. Also disclosed are methods of using the test strips to quantify antigens produced by a virus or microorganism causing an infectious disease. The methods can be conducted at a point of care for a patient and do not require expensive equipment or extensive operator training. The methods are also rapid to complete and can be used to monitor progress in the treatment of a disease This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure.

Abstract: Disclosed are devices, systems and methods for monitoring one or more biomarkers using an electrochemical immunosensor sensor with an integrated enzymatic and immunosensing electrochemical detection capability. In some aspects, an electrochemical sensor device for monitoring glucose and insulin includes a substrate; and a plurality of electrodes disposed on the substrate, the plurality of electrodes including a first electrode to sense glucose, a second electrode to sense insulin, and a counter electrode to the first and second electrodes, in which the first electrode includes a glucose oxidase enzyme linked to a surface of the first electrode, and the second electrode includes an insulin capture antibody linked to a second electrode through a self-assembly monolayer, and in which, when the device is electrically coupled to an electronics unit, the device is operable to detect insulin and glucose from a fluid.