Abstract: A backsheet (10) for use in a photovoltaic cell module (22) comprises a fluororesin (12) and a plurality of encapsulated particles (14) dispersed in the fluororesin (12). Each of the encapsulated particles (14) dispersed in the fluororesin (12) comprises a core particle (16), which comprises titanium dioxide (TiO2). Each of the encapsulated particles (14) further comprises a metal oxide layer (18) disposed about the core particle (16). Further, each of encapsulated particles (14) also comprises an organic protective layer (20) disposed about the metal oxide layer (18). A photovoltaic cell module (22) comprising the backsheet (10) is also disclosed.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for modulating light involving the formation of bubbles in a normally opaque dye solution contained within a cell. The bubbles are created in the dye solution by focusing a beam from a laser in regions of the dye solution thereby vaporizing a solvent in the solution. When the bubble is formed, the modulator becomes substantially transparent in the region of the bubble. If the focused laser beam is turned off, the bubble condenses and the modulator again becomes opaque in the region of the condensed bubble.

Abstract: Photopolymerizable compositions which comprise a borate anion, a squarylium sensitizer, and, in the preferred case, a halomethyl triazine are disclosed.

Abstract: An apparatus for a liquid crystal image projection system having a liquid crystal cell, including optical apparatus for inducing a uniform texture of scattering centers in a liquid crystal cell by impinging a pulse of optical energy on the liquid crystal cell, thereby the optical energy is absorbed and converted to thermal energy heating the liquid cyrstal to a second temperture, the end of the pulse bringing about a cooling which causes the liquid crystal centers within the liquid crystal cells to scatter in a uniform texture.

Abstract: These is disclosed donor elements for laser-induced thermal imaging processes containing infra-red absorbing squarylium dyes of the following structure: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 are each independently alkyl groups of from one to eight carbon atoms.

Abstract: A photographic element useful as a laser medical recording film, for example, is described. This element has near infrared sensitivity and is characterized by having an absorbing layer with an absorbing dye as described herein present as an antihalation backing layer.

Abstract: One-step process for preparing anhydrous, organic acid alkali or alkaline earth metal salts by contacting and reacting an organic or polymeric acid fluoride, anhydride or ester and an organic alkali or alkaline earth metal silanolate.

Abstract: This invention resides in a polymerization process which is catalyzed by an oxyanion which can form a conjugate acid having a pKa (DMSO) of about 5 to about 24.