Abstract: Systems and techniques are described for virtual machine (VM) load-balancing. A described technique includes running VMs that communicate via a virtual network, the VMs being configured to handle requests associated with at least a destination address on a public network and operating gateways that provide connectivity between the virtual network and the public network, and use a consistent mapping operation to perform load-balancing among the VMs. A gateway can obtain VM health information; determine based on the VM health information a group of healthy VMs; receive an incoming packet that includes a source address and the destination address; select a handling VM based on an output of the consistent mapping operation given the source address and the group of healthy VMs; forward the incoming packet to the handling VM via the virtual network; and create an entry to forward one or more additional incoming packets to the handling VM.

Abstract: Techniques and systems for managed boot are described. A described technique includes creating, at a server system, a boot image based on one or more user-specified parameters associated with virtual machine booting, providing a first virtual drive that includes the boot image, booting a virtual machine using the boot image on the first virtual drive, and providing a second virtual drive to the virtual machine, where the virtual machine mounts the second virtual drive as a root file system.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for service bridges. In one aspect, a method includes a host operating system performs operations comprising: receiving, using one or more service bridges that execute in the host operating system, a plurality of requests from the one or more virtual machines, wherein each service bridge is associated with a different virtual machine of the one or more virtual machines, and wherein each request is a request to interface with one or more external services; modifying, using a respective service bridge, each request to be processed by the one or more external services; and providing each modified request from the respective service bridge to the one or more external services, where the respective service bridge communicates with the one or more external services over a network.

Abstract: In general, the subject matter described in this specification can be embodied in methods, systems, and program products for providing access to secured resources. A token providing system stores a primary authentication token that is used to obtain temporary authentication tokens. The token providing system provides, to application programs that are unable to access the primary authentication token, the temporary authentication tokens. The token providing system receives, from a first application program of the application programs, a first request to obtain a first temporary authentication token. The first request does not include the primary authentication token. The token providing system transmits a second request to obtain the first temporary authentication token. The second request includes the primary authentication token. The token providing system receives the first temporary authentication token.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for implementing virtual network pairs between virtual machines and other devices. In one aspect, a method includes receiving a plurality of outgoing packets from one or more source virtual machines executing on the data processing apparatus, each source virtual machine being a hardware virtualization of the data processing apparatus and each packet destined for a destination virtual machine; establishing a plurality of virtual network pairs, one for each unique pair of source and destination virtual machines, wherein establishing the plurality of virtual network pairs comprises obtaining, from an external data processing apparatus, a different network address for each destination virtual machine; encapsulating each outgoing packet in a message; and sending each message to the destination virtual machine for the respective packet by sending the message to the respective network destination address.