Abstract: Both the hardness and boron content of wastewater may be reduced by contacting the wastewater with liquid sodium silicate (LSS) in an effective amount for such reductions followed by one or both of two additional procedures. The additional procedure may be contacting the wastewater with an Al(3+)-containing compound in an amount effective to at least partially remove silicon from the wastewater, where the contacting is before, during or after the wastewater is contacted with LSS. The second additional or alternative procedure involves, subsequent to contacting the wastewater with LSS, treating the untreated water with an electrocoagulation (EC) apparatus for a period of time effective to at least partially remove silicon from the wastewater. The EC procedure may also further remove boron from the wastewater.

Abstract: The onset of flocculation of undesirable chemicals within produced water is accelerated by treatment of the produced water with electrocoagulation and sonication. The sonoelectrochemical method described herein provides a faster and more dynamic means to reduce the requisite retention time for separation of flocculants.

Abstract: According to one aspect of the present invention, a liquid reductant tank for supplying liquid reductant to a selective catalytic reduction system is disclosed. The tank includes a tank cavity for holding a liquid reductant and being at least partially defined by one or more side walls; a liquid reductant supply line at least partially situated within the tank cavity and for communicating liquid reductant from the tank cavity to outside of the tank cavity; and a heating element situated at least partially within the liquid reductant supply line and for thawing frozen reductant situated within the supply line during cold start conditions to obtain liquid reductant for use in a selective catalytic reduction system.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for processing refinery residuals. In one embodiment, the system may include a gasifier configured to produce syngas from refinery residuals. A gas turbine engine may produce power from the syngas, and the power may be provided to a desalination system. A portion of the syngas may be provided to a shift reactor.

Abstract: According to one aspect of the present invention, a liquid reductant tank for supplying liquid reductant to a selective catalytic reduction system is disclosed. The tank includes a tank cavity for holding a liquid reductant and being at least partially defined by one or more side walls; a liquid reductant supply line at least partially situated within the tank cavity and for communicating liquid reductant from the tank cavity to outside of the tank cavity; and a heating element situated at least partially within the liquid reductant supply line and for thawing frozen reductant situated within the supply line during cold start conditions to obtain liquid reductant for use in a selective catalytic reduction system.

Abstract: According to one aspect of the present invention, a liquid reductant tank for supplying liquid reductant to a selective catalytic reduction system is disclosed. The tank includes a tank cavity for holding a liquid reductant and being at least partially defined by one or more side walls; a liquid reductant supply line at least partially situated within the tank cavity and for communicating liquid reductant from the tank cavity to outside of the tank cavity; and a heating element situated at least partially within the liquid reductant supply line and for thawing frozen reductant situated within the supply line during cold start conditions to obtain liquid reductant for use in a selective catalytic reduction system.

Abstract: According to one aspect of the present invention, a liquid reductant tank for supplying liquid reductant to a selective catalytic reduction system is disclosed. The tank includes a tank cavity for holding a liquid reductant and being at least partially defined by one or more side walls; a liquid reductant supply line at least partially situated within the tank cavity and for communicating liquid reductant from the tank cavity to outside of the tank cavity; and a heating element situated at least partially within the liquid reductant supply line and for thawing frozen reductant situated within the supply line during cold start conditions to obtain liquid reductant for use in a selective catalytic reduction system.