Abstract: A continuous flow process (CFP) for the production of an acid chloride includes the following steps: (i) providing or forming a first reactant comprising a chlorine-donating compound; (ii) providing or forming a second reactant comprising a carboxylic acid; (iii) providing a first continuous flow of the first reactant into a reactor at a first flow rate; (iv) providing a second continuous flow of the second reactant into the reactor at a second flow rate; and (v) mixing the first reactant and the second reactant in a portion of the reactor and reacting the first reactant and the second reactant to provide a reaction product comprising an acid chloride.

Abstract: Strain sensing compositions including a polymeric matrix material and a mechanophore component distributed throughout the polymeric material and covalently bonded to the polymeric material are provided. The mechanophore component undergoes a visible color change and the strain sensing composition exhibits a continuous three-dimensional (3D) spatial strain distribution including at least one color gradient upon direct or indirect impact by an object. Methods of forming strain sensing compositions are also provided. Methods of evaluating a strain distribution associated with an impact of a surrogate material comprising a mechanophore component are also provided.

Abstract: Strain sensing compositions including a polymeric matrix material and a mechanophore component distributed throughout the polymeric material and covalently bonded to the polymeric material are provided. The mechanophore component undergoes a visible color change and the strain sensing composition exhibits a continuous three-dimensional (3D) spatial strain distribution including at least one color gradient upon direct or indirect impact by an object. Methods of forming strain sensing compositions are also provided. Methods of evaluating a strain distribution associated with an impact of a surrogate material comprising a mechanophore component are also provided.