Abstract: A data processing apparatus for generating from a plurality of data units corresponding to a string of elements of a first language, a string of elements of a second language representative of the meaning of the string of elements of the first language. Each data unit is indicative of the meaning of a corresponding element of the first language and includes one or more identifiers related to one or more identifiers of one or more other data units. The generator includes an instructor for storing processing instructions dependent on grammatical rules of the second language, and a processor for providing the elements of the second language in dependence upon the meaning indicated by the data units. The processor also orders the elements in the string of elements in the second language in dependence upon the meaning indicated by the data units, upon the related identifiers and upon the instructions stored in the instructor.