Abstract: A transistor may be formed of different layers of silicon germanium, a lowest layer having a graded germanium concentration and upper layers having constant germanium concentrations such that the lowest layer is of the form Si1-xGex. The highest layer may be of the form Si1-yGey on the PMOS side. A source and drain may be formed of epitaxial silicon germanium of the form Si1-zGez on the PMOS side. In some embodiments, x is greater than y and z is greater than x in the PMOS device. Thus, a PMOS device may be formed with both uniaxial compressive stress in the channel direction and in-plane biaxial compressive stress. This combination of stress may result in higher mobility and increased device performance in some cases.

Abstract: A transistor may be formed of different layers of silicon germanium, a lowest layer having a graded germanium concentration and upper layers having constant germanium concentrations such that the lowest layer is of the form Si1-xGex. The highest layer may be of the form Si1-yGey on the PMOS side. A source and drain may be formed of epitaxial silicon germanium of the form Si1-zGez on the PMOS side. In some embodiments, x is greater than y and z is greater than x in the PMOS device. Thus, a PMOS device may be formed with both uniaxial compressive stress in the channel direction and in-plane biaxial compressive stress. This combination of stress may result in higher mobility and increased device performance in some cases.

Abstract: Provided are a method and a system, wherein optical beams of a plurality of wavelengths are directed through a plurality of optical devices, wherein waveguides comprising the optical devices have different fabrication errors, and wherein the waveguides have a plurality of waveguide lengths and a plurality of waveguide widths. Optical phase errors corresponding to the waveguides are measured by the optical devices. A determination is made of the components of the optical phase errors for the waveguides from the measured phase errors.

Abstract: A fabrication method reduces minimum waveguide spacing in an integrated optical device. Core regions of the waveguides are etched into cladding material and then filled with core material, instead of etching the spacing between the core material first and then filling the spacing. This allows the spacing between the core regions to be made arbitrarily small, without being constrained by an aspect ratio associated with a conventional etch and deposition/re-flow process used to form waveguide spacings.

Abstract: Various methods, apparatuses, and systems in which a single-track vehicle has a retractable auxiliary-support wheel assembly and a computer control system. In an embodiment, the single-track vehicle has an elongated body. The retractable auxiliary-support wheel assembly mounts on both sides of the elongated body. The computer control system analyzes signals from one or more sensors to dynamically balance the single-track vehicle.

Abstract: A fabrication method reduces minimum waveguide spacing in an integrated optical device. Core regions of the waveguides are etched into cladding material and then filled with core material, instead of etching the spacing between the core material first and then filling the spacing. This allows the spacing between the core regions to be made arbitrarily small, without being constrained by an aspect ratio associated with a conventional etch and deposition/re-flow process used to form waveguide spacings.

Abstract: Substantially sharp corners for optical waveguides in integrated optical devices, photonic crystal devices, or for micro-devices, can be fabricated. Non-sharp corners such as rounded corners, are first formed using lithographic patterning and vertical etching. Next, isotropic etching is used to sharpen the rounded corners. A monitor can be used to determine if the rounded corners have been sufficiently sharpened by the isotropic etching.

Abstract: Various methods, apparatuses, and systems in which a single-track vehicle has a retractable auxiliary-support wheel assembly and a computer control system. In an embodiment, the single-track vehicle has an elongated body. The retractable auxiliary-support wheel assembly mounts on both sides of the elongated body. The computer control system analyzes signals from one or more sensors to dynamically balance the single-track vehicle.

Abstract: A fabrication method reduces minimum waveguide spacing in an integrated optical device. Core regions of the waveguides are etched into cladding material and then filled with core material, instead of etching the spacing between the core material first and then filling the spacing. This allows the spacing between the core regions to be made arbitrarily small, without being constrained by an aspect ratio associated with a conventional etch and deposition/re-flow process used to form waveguide spacings.

Abstract: Substantially sharp corners for optical waveguides in integrated optical devices, photonic crystal devices, or for micro-devices, can be fabricated. Non-sharp corners such as rounded corners, are first formed using lithographic patterning and vertical etching. Next, isotropic etching is used to sharpen the rounded corners. A monitor can be used to determine if the rounded corners have been sufficiently sharpened by the isotropic etching.

Abstract: A tunable add/drop multiplexer may be formed with a pair of identical tunable surface gratings. In one embodiment, the tunable surface grating may be placed in each arm of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. A heater may be applied to each surface grating to change the thermal-optic properties of the grating and to change the wavelength that is reflected by the grating. As a result, by changing the current through the heater, the wavelength that is dropped by the Mach-Zehnder interferometer may be varied.

Abstract: Substantially sharp corners for optical waveguides in integrated optical devices, photonic crystal devices, or for micro-devices, can be fabricated. Non-sharp corners such as rounded corners, are first formed using lithographic patterning and vertical etching. Next, isotropic etching is used to sharpen the rounded corners. A monitor can be used to determine if the rounded corners have been sufficiently sharpened by the isotropic etching.

Abstract: A fabrication method reduces minimum waveguide spacing in an integrated optical device. Core regions of the waveguides are etched into cladding material and then filled with core material, instead of etching the spacing between the core material first and then filling the spacing. This allows the spacing between the core regions to be made arbitrarily small, without being constrained by an aspect ratio associated with a conventional etch and deposition/re-flow process used to form waveguide spacings.

Abstract: Substantially sharp corners for optical waveguides in integrated optical devices, photonic crystal devices, or for micro-devices, can be fabricated. Non-sharp corners such as rounded corners, are first formed using lithographic patterning and vertical etching. Next, isotropic etching is used to sharpen the rounded corners. A monitor can be used to determine if the rounded corners have been sufficiently sharpened by the isotropic etching.