Abstract: Provided herein is a battery and an electrode. The battery may include two electrodes; and an electrolyte, wherein at least one electrode further includes: a nano-scale coated network, which includes one or more first carbon nanotubes electrically connected to one or more second carbon nanotubes to form a nano-scale network, wherein at least one of the one or more second carbon nanotubes is in electrical contact with another of the one or more second carbon nanotubes. The battery may further include an active material coating distributed to cover portions of the one or more first carbon nanotubes and portions of the one or more second carbon nanotubes, wherein a plurality of the one or more second carbon nanotubes are in electrical communication with other second carbon nanotubes under the active material coating. Also provided herein is a method of making a battery and an electrode.

Abstract: Platinum-based alloys comprising a second element are generally described. In some embodiments, the platinum-based alloy may comprise a third element.

Abstract: Provided herein is a method of making a conductive network by combining uncoated carbon nanotubes and carbon nanotubes coated with an electroactive substance to create an electrically conductive network; and redistributing at least a portion of the electroactive substance. Also provided herein is an electrically conductive network with an active material coating; first carbon nanotubes coated with the active material coating; and second carbon nanotubes partially coated with the active material coating, wherein at least a portion of the surfaces of the second carbon nanotubes directly contact surfaces of other second carbon nanotubes without the active material coating between these second carbon nanotubes, and wherein the first carbon nanotubes and the second carbon nanotubes are entangled to form an electrically conductive network.

Abstract: Provided herein is a battery and an electrode. The battery may include two electrodes; and an electrolyte, wherein at least one electrode further includes: a nano-scale coated network, which includes one or more first carbon nanotubes electrically connected to one or more second carbon nanotubes to form a nano-scale network, wherein at least one of the one or more second carbon nanotubes is in electrical contact with another of the one or more second carbon nanotubes. The battery may further include an active material coating distributed to cover portions of the one or more first carbon nanotubes and portions of the one or more second carbon nanotubes, wherein a plurality of the one or more second carbon nanotubes are in electrical communication with other second carbon nanotubes under the active material coating. Also provided herein is a method of making a battery and an electrode.

Abstract: Articles including a layer comprising nickel and chromium as well as related methods are described herein.

Abstract: Articles including a multi-layer electrical contact and methods for applying the contact to a substrate are described herein. The article may include a substrate on which the multi-layer electrical contact is formed. In some embodiments, the electrical contact includes multiple metallic layers.

Abstract: Nickel-gold alloys and methods of forming the same.

Abstract: Electrodeposition bath compositions, additives, and maintenance methods are described. In one embodiment, an electrodeposition bath includes at least a first metal ionic species that reacts with a second metal ionic species to maintain either the first and/or second metal ionic species in a desired oxidation state for electrodeposition.

Abstract: Provided herein is a method of making a conductive network by combining uncoated carbon nanotubes and carbon nanotubes coated with an electroactive substance to create an electrically conductive network; and redistributing at least a portion of the electroactive substance. Also provided herein is an electrically conductive network with an active material coating; first carbon nanotubes coated with the active material coating; and second carbon nanotubes partially coated with the active material coating, wherein at least a portion of the surfaces of the second carbon nanotubes directly contact surfaces of other second carbon nanotubes without the active material coating between these second carbon nanotubes, and wherein the first carbon nanotubes and the second carbon nanotubes are entangled to form an electrically conductive network.

Abstract: Provided herein is a battery and an electrode. The battery may include two electrodes; and an electrolyte, wherein at least one electrode further includes: a nano-scale coated network, which includes one or more first carbon nanotubes electrically connected to one or more second carbon nanotubes to form a nano-scale network, wherein at least one of the one or more second carbon nanotubes is in electrical contact with another of the one or more second carbon nanotubes. The battery may further include an active material coating distributed to cover portions of the one or more first carbon nanotubes and portions of the one or more second carbon nanotubes, wherein a plurality of the one or more second carbon nanotubes are in electrical communication with other second carbon nanotubes under the active material coating. Also provided herein is a method of making a battery and an electrode.

Abstract: Articles including a layer comprising nickel and chromium as well as related methods are described herein.

Abstract: Provided herein is a method of manufacturing a nanoscale coated network, which includes providing nanofibers, capable of forming a network in the presence of a liquid vehicle and providing a nanoscale solid substance in the presence of the liquid vehicle. The method may also include forming a network of the nanofibers and the nanoscale solid substance and redistributing at least a portion of the nanoscale solid substance within the network to produce a network of nanofibers coated with the nanoscale solid substance. Also provided herein is a nanoscale coated network with an active material coating that is redistributed to cover and electrochemically isolate the network from materials outside the network.

Abstract: An electrical contact comprising a layer of a dark electrically conductive finish layer is generally described.

Abstract: Provided herein is a battery and an electrode. The battery may include two electrodes; and an electrolyte, wherein at least one electrode further includes: a nano-scale coated network, which includes one or more first carbon nanotubes electrically connected to one or more second carbon nanotubes to form a nano-scale network, wherein at least one of the one or more second carbon nanotubes is in electrical contact with another of the one or more second carbon nanotubes. The battery may further include an active material coating distributed to cover portions of the one or more first carbon nanotubes and portions of the one or more second carbon nanotubes, wherein a plurality of the one or more second carbon nanotubes are in electrical communication with other second carbon nanotubes under the active material coating. Also provided herein is a method of making a battery and an electrode.

Abstract: Techniques for forming an enclosure comprised of an aluminum alloy are disclosed. In some embodiments, aluminum ions and metal element ions can be dissolved in a non-aqueous ionic liquid in an electrolytic plating bath. A reverse pulsed electric current can facilitate in co-depositing the aluminum ions and the metal element ions onto a metal substrate. The resulting aluminum alloy layer can include nanocrystalline structures, which can impart the alloy layer with increased hardness and increased resistance to scratching, corrosion, and abrasion. In some embodiments, the metal element ion is chromium and the aluminum alloy layer includes a chromium oxide passivation layer formed via a passivation process. Subsequent to the passivation process, the formation of the chromium oxide layer does not impart a change in color to the aluminum alloy layer. In some embodiments, hafnium ions are co-deposited with aluminum ions to form an aluminum hafnium alloy.

Abstract: Techniques for forming an enclosure comprised of aluminum zirconium alloy layer are disclosed. In some embodiments, aluminum ions and zirconium ions can be dissolved in a non-aqueous ionic liquid in an electrolytic plating bath. A reverse pulsed electric current can facilitate in co-depositing the aluminum ions and the zirconium ions onto a metal substrate. The resulting aluminum zirconium alloy layer can include nanocrystalline grain structures, which can impart the alloy layer with increased hardness and increased resistance to scratching, denting, and abrasion. In some embodiments, the aluminum zirconium alloy layer can be anodized to form an aluminum oxide layer. Subsequent to the anodization operation, the oxidized layer is able to retain its substantially neutral color.

Abstract: Electrodeposition bath compositions, additives, and maintenance methods are described. In one embodiment, an electrodeposition bath includes at least a first metal ionic species that reacts with a second metal ionic species to maintain either the first and/or second metal ionic species in a desired oxidation state for electrodeposition.

Abstract: Water treatment systems including electrically-driven and pressure-driven separation apparatus configured to produce a first treated water suitable for use as irrigation water and a second treated water suitable for use as potable water from one of brackish water and seawater and methods of operation of same.

Abstract: Provided herein is a battery and an electrode. The battery may include two electrodes; and an electrolyte, wherein at least one electrode further includes: a nano-scale coated network, which includes one or more first carbon nanotubes electrically connected to one or more second carbon nanotubes to form a nano-scale network, wherein at least one of the one or more second carbon nanotubes is in electrical contact with another of the one or more second carbon nanotubes. The battery may further include an active material coating distributed to cover portions of the one or more first carbon nanotubes and portions of the one or more second carbon nanotubes, wherein a plurality of the one or more second carbon nanotubes are in electrical communication with other second carbon nanotubes under the active material coating. Also provided herein is a method of making a battery and an electrode.

Abstract: Leveling additives, their use in electrodeposition, and regeneration are described. In one embodiment, an electrodeposition bath may include a non-aqueous liquid and an optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon. The optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon may be protonated.