Abstract: An electrochemical cell comprising a layered structure, the layered structure comprising at least a first layer and a second layer. The first layer and the second layer are arranged adjacent to each other and form a first interface, wherein the first interface comprises a first plurality of elongated nanostructures connected to a first surface of the first layer facing the second layer, and a second plurality of elongated nanostructures connected to a second surface of the second layer facing the first layer. The first plurality of elongated nanostructures and the second plurality of elongated nanostructures are mechanically entangled.

Abstract: A separator element arrangement for an electrochemical cell is presented. The separator element arrangement comprises a separator element and a diffusion layer arranged adjacent to the separator element. The separator element comprises a plurality of elongated nanostructures. At least some of the elongated nanostructures are arranged to connect the separator element to the diffusion layer by extending into the diffusion layer.

Abstract: A method of monitoring the operation of a fan, wherein the method comprises the following steps of: performing at least one measurement (1) by detecting at least one input signal (2.1, 8.1) over at least one time period, calculating characteristic values (2, 8) of an actual state based on the measured input signals (2.1, 8.1), comparing (3, 9) the calculated characteristic values (2, 8) of at least one actual state with limit values (3.1, 9.1), classifying (4) the actual state on the basis of the comparison (3) either as an anomaly-free normal state (5) or as a general anomaly state (6), and monitoring whether at least one specific anomaly state (12) is present.

Abstract: An electrolyzer comprising a first and a second electrode and an ion exchange membrane arranged in-between the first and the second electrode. Each electrode comprises an electrically conductive element. At least one of the electrodes also comprises a catalyst structure comprising an electrically conductive material. The electrolyzer also comprises at least one feeding means, wherein the feeding means is arranged to introduce a variable electromagnetic field into the electrolyzer. The variable electromagnetic field is arranged to create a temperature gradient in the electrolyzer by increasing a temperature of the catalyst structure.

Abstract: An electrolyzer comprising a first and a second electrode and an ion exchange membrane arranged in-between the first and the second electrode. Each electrode comprises a conductive element and a catalyst layer and at least one catalyst layer comprises a catalyst structure. The catalyst structure comprises a plurality of elongated nanostructures and a plurality of electrocatalyst particles attached to the plurality of elongated nanostructures, wherein the plurality of elongated nanostructures is arranged to control a position of the plurality of electrocatalyst particles relative to the ion exchange membrane.

Abstract: Method for determining product surface distance in a tank comprising: i) generating a transmission signal as a first pulse train; ii) generating a reference signal having a second pulse train by time delaying said first pulse train; wherein each pulse in said first and second pulse trains have essentially identical waveforms and pulse repetition frequency; iii) guiding said transmission signal towards the product surface; iv) receiving a reflected signal; v) forming a correlation value based on a time correlation between the reference signal and the reflected signal; vi) carrying out steps i) to v) in sequence for at least three different pulse repetition frequencies, until at least three pairs of correlation values and associated pulse repetition frequencies have been stored; vii) determining said distance based on said at least three pairs of correlation values and associated pulse repetition frequencies, and said fixed time delay.

Abstract: Method for determining product surface distance in a tank comprising: i) generating a transmission signal as a first pulse train; ii) generating a reference signal having a second pulse train by time delaying said first pulse train; wherein each pulse in said first and second pulse trains have essentially identical waveforms and pulse repetition frequency; iii) guiding said transmission signal towards the product surface; iv) receiving a reflected signal; v) forming a correlation value based on a time correlation between the reference signal and the reflected signal; vi) carrying out steps i) to v) in sequence for at least three different pulse repetition frequencies, until at least three pairs of correlation values and associated pulse repetition frequencies have been stored; vii) determining said distance based on said at least three pairs of correlation values and associated pulse repetition frequencies, and said fixed time delay.

Abstract: A method of calibrating a level gauge system using electromagnetic signals to determine a filling level of a product in a tank. The level gauge system comprises a real time sampler for sampling a reflection signal with a sampling period between consecutive samples. The method comprises the steps of: receiving timing signals from a wireless communication network; generating time stamp signals based on the timing signals; registering a number of the sampling periods between a first time stamp signal and a second time stamp signal; and determining the sampling period based on the registered number of sampling periods and a time between the first time stamp signal and the second time stamp signal. Various embodiments of the present invention provide for high accurate determination of the filling level in a tank without the need for a temperature stable and highly accurate clock reference in the level gauge system.

Abstract: A method of determining a filling level of a product contained in a tank, the method comprising the steps of: a) transmitting an electromagnetic probing signal towards a target area of a surface of the product; b) receiving a reflected probing signal being a reflection of the electromagnetic probing signal at the surface; c) determining a parameter value indicative of an amplitude of the reflected probing signal; if the parameter value is indicative of an amplitude larger than a predetermined threshold value: d) transmitting an electromagnetic measuring signal towards the target area of the surface; e) receiving a return signal being a reflection of the electromagnetic measuring signal at the surface; and f) determining the filling level based on a time relation between the electromagnetic measuring signal and the return signal.

Abstract: A device for using electromagnetic pulses to determine a distance to a surface includes a pulse generator, a real time sampler and a calibration unit having a signal generator for generating a calibration signal with a predefined frequency. In a calibration mode the real time sampler receives the calibration signal, and an average sample time delay of the sampler is determined based on the sampled calibration signal and the known calibration frequency. In a measurement mode, the real time sampler receives a reflection signal and the distance is determined based on a sampled reflection signal and the average sample time delay. Knowledge of the average delay of the sampler makes it possible to exactly determine the distance (in time and thus space) between two points in the sampled signal.

Abstract: A process measurement instrument adapted for wireless communication, comprising a measurement unit (7) arranged to determine a measurement value of a process variable, a memory (21) arranged to store a current measurement value of the process variable, a wireless communication unit (8), arranged to access the current measurement value and communicate the current measurement value over a wireless communication channel according to a protocol with intermittently active communication, and arbitration logic (22), in communication with the measurement unit and the wireless communication unit, and arranged to ensure that active periods of the measurement unit occur when the wireless communication is inactive. The measurement unit and communication unit are thus able to share information via the common memory, e.g. by sequential read/write access. This avoids the need for simultaneous activity.

Abstract: A method of determining a filling level of a product contained in a tank, the method comprising the steps of: a) transmitting an electromagnetic probing signal towards a target area of a surface of the product; b) receiving a reflected probing signal being a reflection of the electromagnetic probing signal at the surface; c) determining a parameter value indicative of an amplitude of the reflected probing signal; if the parameter value is indicative of an amplitude larger than a predetermined threshold value: d) transmitting an electromagnetic measuring signal towards the target area of the surface; e) receiving a return signal being a reflection of the electromagnetic measuring signal at the surface; and f) determining the filling level based on a time relation between the electromagnetic measuring signal and the return signal.

Abstract: A method of calibrating a level gauge system using electromagnetic signals to determine a filling level of a product in a tank. The level gauge system comprises a real time sampler for sampling a reflection signal with a sampling period between consecutive samples. The method comprises the steps of: receiving timing signals from a wireless communication network; generating time stamp signals based on the timing signals; registering a number of the sampling periods between a first time stamp signal and a second time stamp signal; and determining the sampling period based on the registered number of sampling periods and a time between the first time stamp signal and the second time stamp signal. Various embodiments of the present invention provide for high accurate determination of the filling level in a tank without the need for a temperature stable and highly accurate clock reference in the level gauge system.

Abstract: A level gauge system comprising transmission signal generating circuitry for generating a transmission signal; a propagation device connected to the transmission signal generating circuitry and arranged to propagate the transmission signal towards a surface of the product inside the tank, and to return a reflected signal resulting from reflection of the transmission signal at the surface of the product contained in the tank. The level gauge system further comprises reference signal providing circuitry configured to provide a reference signal. At least one of the transmission signal generating circuitry and the reference signal providing circuitry comprises delay circuitry. The delay circuitry comprises a plurality of delay cells, and controllable switching circuitry arranged and configured to allow formation of a delay path comprising a subset of the plurality of delay cells connected in series, to thereby allow control of a signal propagation delay of the delay circuitry.

Abstract: A level gauge system comprising transmission signal generating circuitry for generating a transmission signal; a propagation device connected to the transmission signal generating circuitry and arranged to propagate the transmission signal towards a surface of the product inside the tank, and to return a reflected signal resulting from reflection of the transmission signal at the surface of the product contained in the tank. The level gauge system further comprises reference signal providing circuitry configured to provide a reference signal. At least one of the transmission signal generating circuitry and the reference signal providing circuitry comprises delay circuitry. The delay circuitry comprises at least one delay cell exhibiting a propagation delay for pulses passing through the at least one delay cell that varies in dependence of a supply voltage provided to the at least one delay cell, and voltage control circuitry connected to the at least one delay cell.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for determining a distance between a wireless transceiver and a wireless receiver arranged to communicate with each other in a wireless communication network, the wireless receiver having an active and an inactive reception state, the method comprising transmitting, with the wireless receiver in the active reception state, a first transmission signal, receiving a first reflection signal, the first reflection signal being a reflection of the first transmission signal and influenced by the active reception state of the wireless receiver, transmitting, with the wireless receiver in the inactive reception state, a second transmission signal, receiving a second reflected signal, the second reflection signal being a reflection of the second transmission signal and influenced by the inactive reception state of the wireless receiver, and determining a distance between the wireless transceiver and the wireless receiver based on the second reflection signal.

Abstract: Calibration of a device using electromagnetic waves to determine a distance to a surface, which device comprises a pulse generator, a real time sampler and a calibration unit having a signal generator for generating a calibration signal with a predefined frequency. In a calibration mode, the real time sampler receives the calibration signal, and an average sample time delay of the sampler is determined based on the sampled calibration signal and the known calibration frequency. In a measurement mode, the real time sampler receives a reflection signal and the distance is determined based on a sampled reflection signal and the average sample time delay. Knowledge of the average delay of the sampler makes it possible to exactly determine the distance (in time and thus space) between two points in the sampled signal.

Abstract: A flow meter for measuring flow rate and flow composition of a process fluid includes a microwave source configured to generate a microwave signal. A probe tip is coupled to the microwave source and in near field proximity to the process fluid. The probe tip is configured to apply the microwave signal to the process fluid. A microwave detector coupled to the probe tip is configured to detect a near field microwave signal from the process fluid in response to the applied microwave signal. Flow calculation circuitry determines flow rate and/or composition of the process fluid as a function of the detected microwave signal.

Abstract: A flow meter for measuring flow rate and flow composition of a process fluid includes a microwave source configured to generate a microwave signal. A probe tip is coupled to the microwave source and in near field proximity to the process fluid. The probe tip is configured to apply the microwave signal to the process fluid. A microwave detector coupled to the probe tip is configured to detect a near field microwave signal from the process fluid in response to the applied microwave signal. Flow calculation circuitry determines flow rate and/or composition of the process fluid as a function of the detected microwave signal.

Abstract: A method for determining a process variable of a product in a tank based on a time delay of electromagnetic waves. The method further comprises forming a measurement signal comprising a sequence of values, each value representing a time correlation between a pulse of a reference signal and a reflected signal, sampling and digitizing this measurement signal to form a digital signal, identifying a time window of the digital signal including the surface echo peak, determining a relative time period between a reference time corresponding to the predefined reference and a beginning of the time window, time-to-frequency transforming the digital signal in the time window to obtain a phase spectrum, determining a relative phase shift of the spectrum and using the relative phase shift to calculate a corresponding time shift, and determining the time delay by adding the relative time period and the time shift.