Abstract: The present invention relates to photovoltaic devices which comprise: a semiconducting material able to ensure a photovoltaic effect when it is subject to electromagnetic radiation; a anti-reflective layer, transparent towards said electromagnetic radiation ensuring the photovoltaic effect, this anti-reflective layer containing, in the dispersed state, objects with dimensions of less than 5 microns, preferably less than 2 microns, said objects comprising at least two areas consisting of two different substrates, transparent towards said electromagnetic radiation and having distinct refraction indices, i.e.: a core having a first refractive index nC; and a layer surrounding the core, a so-called crust, having a second refractive index nE, distinct from the refractive index nC of the core, the ratio of the dimensions of the core to the dimensions of the core/crust assembly being comprised 1:1.5 and 1:5.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for preparing macromolecular species with a modified surface, comprising a step (e) in which macromolecular species (M), initially carrying —OH and/or —SH functions, are brought into contact with: a catalyst (C) carrying at least one conjugated guanidine function; and reactive species (E), comprising reactive groups including: (i) at least one group including an a,b-unsaturated carbonyl group C?C—C?O and/or an a,b-unsaturated thiocarbonyl group C?C—C?S; and/or (ii) at least one heterocyclic group comprising from 3 to 5 ring members, said group being selected from cyclic ethers, cyclic thioethers and aziridine rings; and/or (iii) at least one group selected from isocyanate —N?C?O or thioisocyanate —N?C?S groups, and trivalent groups of formula >C?CZ—, where Z is an electron-withdrawing group. The invention also relates to the macromolecular species with a modified surface that are obtained in this context.

Abstract: The present invention relates to photovoltaic devices which comprise: a semiconducting material able to ensure a photovoltaic effect when it is subject to electromagnetic radiation; a anti-reflective layer, transparent towards said electromagnetic radiation ensuring the photovoltaic effect, this anti-reflective layer containing, in the dispersed state, objects with dimensions of less than 5 microns, preferably less than 2 microns, said objects comprising at least two areas consisting of two different substrates, transparent towards said electromagnetic radiation and having distinct refraction indices, i.e.: a core having a first refractive index nC; and a layer surrounding the core, a so-called crust, having a second refractive index nE, distinct from the refractive index nC of the core, the ratio of the dimensions of the core to the dimensions of the core/crust assembly being comprised 1:1.5 and 1:5.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a surface treatment method with which anti-reflection properties toward electromagnetic radiation may be imparted to the surface of a substrate. A transparent coating toward said electromagnetic radiation is deposited on said surface, which contains in the dispersed state within said layer, objects with dimensions of less than 5 microns comprising: a core with a first refractive index nC, and a layer, a so-called skin, surrounding the core, having a second refractive index nE distinct from the refractive index nC of the core wherein the ratio of the dimensions of the core to the dimensions of the core/skin assembly is comprised between 1:15 and 1:5. The invention also relates to the coated substrates obtained according to this method.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for preparing macromolecular species with a modified surface, comprising a step (e) in which macromolecular species (M), initially carrying —OH and/or —SH functions, are brought into contact with: a catalyst (C) carrying at least one conjugated guanidine function; and reactive species (E), comprising reactive groups including: (i) at least one group including an a,b-unsaturated carbonyl group C?C—C?O and/or an a,b-unsaturated thiocarbonyl group C?C—C?S; and/or (ii) at least one heterocyclic group comprising from 3 to 5 ring members, said group being selected from cyclic ethers, cyclic thioethers and aziridine rings; and/or (iii) at least one group selected from isocyanate —N?C?O or thioisocyanate —N?C?S groups, and trivalent groups of formula >C?CZ—, where Z is an electron-withdrawing group. The invention also relates to the macromolecular species with a modified surface that are obtained in this context.