Abstract: An electrochemical system includes: (1) a battery including an anode and a cathode; (2) a first source of a first electrolyte having a first concentration of ions; (3) a second source of a second electrolyte having a second concentration of the ions, wherein the second concentration is greater than the first concentration; and (4) a fluid conveyance mechanism connected between the battery and each of the first source and the second source. During charging of the battery, the anode and the cathode are at least partially immersed in the first electrolyte, and, during discharging of the battery, the anode and the cathode are at least partially immersed in the second electrolyte. The fluid conveyance mechanism exchanges the first electrolyte with the second electrolyte between charging and discharging of the battery, and exchanges the second electrolyte with the first electrolyte between discharging and charging of the battery.

Abstract: A two-electrode corrosion probe having a probe shaft and a probe head connected to the probe shaft, a counter-electrode, a replaceable working electrode which is arranged at a distance from the counter-electrode between the probe shaft and the probe head. The probe also includes a first contact-making element and a second contact-making element which are arranged in the probe shaft, where the probe head is formed from a sleeve body and has a supporting structure to which the counter-electrode is fastened. The first contact-making element is electrically connected to the working electrode and the second contact-making element is electrically connected to the counter-electrode via a connecting element.

Abstract: An oxidative peak in a cathodic scan is observed in the cyclic voltammetry of glucose at gold electrodes, its peak current density being proportional to glucose concentration in a wide potential range. The application of this phenomenon in blood glucose sensing has been hindered by the presence of inhibitors: the most problematic are chlorides due to their high concentration and difficult separation from glucose. The present invention provides a solution to this problem involving a three electrode, four step pulsed electrochemical detection technique.

Abstract: An electrochemical system includes: (1) a battery including an anode and a cathode; (2) a first source of a first electrolyte having a first concentration of ions; (3) a second source of a second electrolyte having a second concentration of the ions, wherein the second concentration is greater than the first concentration; and (4) a fluid conveyance mechanism connected between the battery and each of the first source and the second source. During charging of the battery, the anode and the cathode are at least partially immersed in the first electrolyte, and, during discharging of the battery, the anode and the cathode are at least partially immersed in the second electrolyte. The fluid conveyance mechanism exchanges the first electrolyte with the second electrolyte between charging and discharging of the battery, and exchanges the second electrolyte with the first electrolyte between discharging and charging of the battery.

Abstract: An oxidative peak in a cathodic scan is observed in the cyclic voltammetry of glucose at gold electrodes, its peak current density being proportional to glucose concentration in a wide potential range. The application of this phenomenon in blood glucose sensing has been hindered by the presence of inhibitors: the most problematic are chlorides due to their high concentration and difficult separation from glucose. The present invention provides a solution to this problem involving a three electrode, four step pulsed electrochemical detection technique.

Abstract: A method of producing hydrogen is provided that includes exposing a hydrogen-extracting (H-x) material to water, where the H-x material includes a crystal structure having interstitial space available for the insertion of protons and the water can be liquid water or vapor water. A spontaneous electrochemical reaction occurs, whereby water chemically decomposes in contact with the H-x material, the resulting hydrogen is stored in the H-x material and the resulting oxygen is emitted as a gas. This reaction proceeds until it is limited by a hydrogen loading capacity of the H-x material and/or the electrochemical potential of the H-x material relative to the water. The H-x material is heated to recover the stored hydrogen in a temperature range of 20 to 1000 degrees Celsius. This process is reversible, as it can be repeated many times. No electricity or consumable chemicals are required.