Abstract: A method for estimating or predicting an internal battery state of at least one battery unit within an electric energy storage system, such as in a vehicle. The method includes obtaining operational data of the electric energy storage system relating to operating conditions of the electric energy storage system, feeding the obtained operational data to a non-linear state observer adapted to estimate and/or predict the internal battery state of the at least one battery unit in a series of time steps, such that an observer error of the non-linear state observer converges towards zero, or towards a value close to zero, based on at least the obtained operational data, estimating or predicting the internal battery state using the non-linear state observer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for management of an energy storage system (ESS) of a vehicle, wherein said vehicle comprises a vehicle control unit (VCU) and an energy storage control management unit (ESCM), wherein said ESS comprises at least two battery units electrically connected in parallel to each other.

Abstract: A computer system for controlling an energy storage system with heterogenous battery packs is provided. The system, using a processing circuitry, obtains pack-specific minimum and maximum allowed operating voltages for each battery pack; determines joint ESS-specific minimum and maximum voltage limits satisfying each of the respective pack-specific minimum and maximum allowed operating voltages for all of the battery packs; obtains actual state of charge, SoC, values for each battery pack; determine rescaled SoC values by scaling the actual SoC value for a battery pack to a range defined by an estimated SoC value of the battery pack at the ESS-specific minimum and maximum voltage limits, and controls the ESS using the rescaled SoC values for the battery packs.

Abstract: A method for controlling electrical connection of at least two battery packs (202, 203) of an energy storage System (200) of a vehicle (201) to a common load during operation of the vehicle, each one of the battery packs being connectable to the load via at least one respective switching device, the method comprising: —receiving measurement data relating to current operating conditions of the energy storage System, —based on at least the measurement data, estimating at least one battery state of each one of the battery packs, wherein said at least one battery state is at least one of an open circuit voltage and a state of charge, —based on the estimated at least one battery state of each one of the battery packs, controlling electrical connection of each battery pack to the load via the at least one respective switching device.

Abstract: A computer system detects an isolation fault in an electrical energy storage system comprising multiple electrical energy storage packs connected in parallel to a voltage bus. The electrical energy storage packs each comprising a set of electrical energy storage cells. The system disconnects all but one electrical energy storage pack from the voltage bus; determines an isolation resistance for each of the disconnected electrical energy storage packs, determines electrical energy storage cell temperatures for at least two cells in each of the disconnected electrical energy storage packs, and provides a first thermal runaway warning signal when the isolation resistance is below a predetermined threshold, and a second thermal runaway warning signal when one of the electrical energy storage cell temperatures of an electrical energy storage pack exceeds a temperature.

Abstract: A method for estimating an operating parameter of a battery unit (202) in an energy storage system (200) of a vehicle (201) using a set of first estimators, each first estimator being configured to estimate a state residual size of the battery unit based on a given initial value of said operating parameter and using a prediction model, the operating parameter being indicative of one of capacity and impedance of the battery unit, the method comprising: —obtaining measurement data relating to operating conditions of the energy storage system at a number of points in time tk, —providing a set of initial values of said operating parameter, each initial value being associated with one of said first estimators, —using the set of first estimators, estimating (103) a set of state residual sizes of the battery unit at each point in time tk based on at least the measurement data and on the associated initial values, —determining a first operating parameter estimate of the battery unit based on the estimated set of stat

Abstract: A method for estimating a battery state of an energy storage system of a vehicle using a dual estimator. The energy storage system comprises a battery unit, and the dual estimator comprises a first estimator configured to estimate said battery state, the first estimator having first tuning parameters, a second estimator configured to track changes around nominal values of a set of battery parameters, the second estimator having second tuning parameters. The method comprises obtaining operational data of the energy storage system, feeding the operational data to the estimators, using the first estimator, estimating the battery state, using the second estimator, estimating changes around the nominal values of the set of battery parameters, and at least one of adaptively adjusting the first and/or second tuning parameters and adaptively adjusting the nominal values of the set of battery parameters to account for slow timescale variations arising due to ageing.

Abstract: A method for improving the availability of an energy storage or transformation, EST, system of a vehicle. The method comprises providing an EST system model of coupled EST components of the EST system, identifying a fault or error in an EST condition parameter of the EST system, estimating an output value of the EST condition parameter based on the EST system model, identifying a vehicle situation which, in case of an at least temporary lack of operability of the EST system, belong to a predetermined group of vehicle situations defined as hazardous, and in response to identifying the vehicle situation belonging to the predetermined group of vehicle situations defined as hazardous, operating the EST system despite the fault or error in the EST condition parameter using the estimated output value of the EST condition parameter based on the EST system model.

Abstract: A method of computing a state of charge of an energy storage system, ESS, with multiple parallel battery packs is provided. The method includes for each battery pack, predicting a time-evolved terminal voltage and current based on a respective measured terminal voltage; based on the predicted time-evolved terminal voltages and currents, computing a chargeable and/or dischargeable capacity of the ESS; and computing the state of charge of the ESS based on the chargeable and/or dischargeable capacity of the ESS. The method may seek to provide an accurate computation of SoC for an ESS with multiple parallel battery packs such that the full capability of the ESS is utilized.

Abstract: A computer implemented-method for improving a lifetime of an electrical energy storage system adapted for providing propulsion power for a vehicle is provided. The method includes estimating a present state of health of the electrical energy storage system; determining vibration data including mechanical vibration magnitude and vibration frequency spectrum of the electrical energy storage system; determining a degree of impact of the vibrations of the electrical energy storage system on the state of health of the electrical energy storage system by processing the determined vibration magnitude and vibration frequency spectrum in a vibration-SOH model adapted to infer a relationship between vibration magnitude and vibration frequency spectrum, and state of health, and adapting at least one vehicle control parameter to vary at least one of the vibration magnitude and the vibration frequency to reduce the determining a degree of impact of the vibrations of the electrical energy storage system.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method establishes map relating geographical location to vibration health impact on electrical energy storage systems adapted for providing propulsion power for a vehicle. A computer-implemented method improves a lifetime of an electrical energy storage system adapted for providing propulsion power for a vehicle when travelling on a route from an origin to a destination for accomplishing a mission.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method improves lifetimes of electrical energy storages of a fleet of vehicles each associated with one of several missions.

Abstract: A method includes: determining a state of health of each of the electrical energy storage packs; detecting at least one malfunctioning electrical energy storage pack of the electrical energy storage system; determining an uncertainty measure for each of the determined state of health's; concluding to replace the electrical energy storage packs having state of health lower than a minimum state of health, and electrical energy storage packs that are concluded to be malfunctioning, evaluating the determined state of health's and the corresponding uncertainties for maintained electrical energy storage packs and a set of replacement electrical energy storage packs to find a combination of maintained electrical energy storage packs and replacement electrical energy storage packs that fulfil energy and power requirements for the vehicle taking the uncertainties in state of health into account; determining a new configuration of the electrical energy storage system including the combination of maintained electrical e

Abstract: A switching arrangement for reducing contactor wear of an energy storage system having a plurality of battery packs arranged in parallel for powering a load. The switching arrangement includes a contactor for each battery pack. The contactors connect and disconnect the battery packs relative to the load by closing and opening, respectively, an electric arc reducing circuitry associated to one of the contactors. The switching arrangement is configured to electrically disconnect the battery packs from the load by means of the contactors such that the contactor being associated with the electric arc reducing circuitry is opened last.

Abstract: A method for determining an electrical energy storage pack replacement configuration of a propulsion electrical energy storage of a vehicle, the method includes: classifying a vehicle usage type using vehicle driving pattern data of the vehicle as input data; determining a minimum state of health required for usage according to the classified vehicle usage type; determining a state of health of each of the electrical energy storage packs of the vehicle; concluding a replacement of the electrical energy storage packs having state of health lower than the minimum state of health; determining a load distribution between electrical energy storage packs after reconfiguration including replacement electrical energy storage packs and maintained electrical energy storage packs; and once electrical energy storage pack replacement is performed, determining a load sharing factor indicative of a load distribution between the electrical energy storage packs, and depending on the outcome of comparing the load sharing facto

Abstract: A method for operating a switching arrangement of an energy storage system, the energy storage system comprising a plurality of parallelly arranged battery packs and the switching arrangement comprising an associated contactor for each battery pack, the contactors being configured to connect and disconnect the battery packs relative a load by closing and opening, respectively. The method comprises disconnecting the battery packs from the load by means of the contactors such that the battery packs are disconnected in a sequence in which one contactor is opened last and thereby subject to increased disconnection wear, controlling the sequence in which the battery packs are disconnected in such a way that the increased disconnection wear is accounted for and used to distribute contactor wear among the contactors during subsequent disconnections of the battery packs from the load.

Abstract: A method for classifying a predetermined group of energy consumers in a vehicle The method comprises providing preview information comprising at least one of a predicted road condition and a predicted road event; processing the preview information with an estimation model adapted to relate a risk level associated with a power unavailability for each one of the energy consumers to the at least one predicted road condition and/or predicted road event; classifying the energy consumers having a risk level higher than a predetermined risk level threshold value as critical energy consumers, and classifying the energy consumers with a risk level lower than the predetermined risk level threshold value as non-critical energy consumers; estimating a required amount of energy and/or power for powering all the energy consumers in the predetermined group of energy consumers for the predicted road condition and/or the predicted road event; estimating the available energy and/or power of the EST system; in response to deter

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for improving the availability of an energy storage system in a vehicle. The energy storage system comprises a plurality of battery packs, and the method comprises: acquiring battery pack performance data comprising at least one of the state-of-power, SoP, and the state-of-energy, SoE, for each one of the battery packs, wherein the acquired SoP and/or SoE for each battery pack comprises an estimated value and associated uncertainty; processing the battery pack performance data with an estimation model adapted to relate the sum of the uncertainties to a maximum expected uncertainty of an overall SoP and/or SoE of the energy storage system; and setting the maximum allowed energy storage system charging/discharging load and/or energy storage system operational windows in response to the overall SoP and/or SoE of the energy storage system and corresponding maximum expected uncertainty.

Abstract: A method for performing SOC calibration for an electrical energy storage system of an electrified vehicle is described The method includes determining a predicted time duration needed to complete a SOC calibration, scheduling a time slot sufficient for completing the SOC-calibration according to the predicted time duration, the scheduled time slot being during a predicted downtime for the electrified vehicle, wherein when at the scheduled time slot: discharging the electrical energy storage system to a steep part of an open circuit voltage versus SOC curve of the electrical energy storage system by an on-board discharge circuit within an acceptable time duration without connecting the electrical energy storage system to a discharging system external to the vehicle; once at an open circuit voltage with gradient with respect to SOC exceeding a threshold indicative of a steep part of the open circuit voltage versus SOC curve, measuring an electrical energy storage system voltage to re-calibrate the SOC of the el

Abstract: A method for predicting a state-of-power, SoP, of an electric energy storage system, ESS, comprising at least two battery units electrically connected in parallel. The method includes obtaining operational data from the at least two battery units of the ESS during operation of the ESS; computing the state-of-power of the ESS based on the obtained operational data and by using an algorithm based on a system-level model of the ESS, wherein the system-level model of the ESS takes into account on one hand each one of the at least two battery units of the ESS, and on the other hand at least one electrical connection between the at least two battery units, and wherein the system-level model of the ESS further takes into account a dynamic parallel load distribution between the at least two battery units.