Abstract: A method includes: determining a state of health of each of the electrical energy storage packs; detecting at least one malfunctioning electrical energy storage pack of the electrical energy storage system; determining an uncertainty measure for each of the determined state of health's; concluding to replace the electrical energy storage packs having state of health lower than a minimum state of health, and electrical energy storage packs that are concluded to be malfunctioning, evaluating the determined state of health's and the corresponding uncertainties for maintained electrical energy storage packs and a set of replacement electrical energy storage packs to find a combination of maintained electrical energy storage packs and replacement electrical energy storage packs that fulfil energy and power requirements for the vehicle taking the uncertainties in state of health into account; determining a new configuration of the electrical energy storage system including the combination of maintained electrical e

Abstract: A switching arrangement for reducing contactor wear of an energy storage system having a plurality of battery packs arranged in parallel for powering a load. The switching arrangement includes a contactor for each battery pack. The contactors connect and disconnect the battery packs relative to the load by closing and opening, respectively, an electric arc reducing circuitry associated to one of the contactors. The switching arrangement is configured to electrically disconnect the battery packs from the load by means of the contactors such that the contactor being associated with the electric arc reducing circuitry is opened last.

Abstract: A method for determining an electrical energy storage pack replacement configuration of a propulsion electrical energy storage of a vehicle, the method includes: classifying a vehicle usage type using vehicle driving pattern data of the vehicle as input data; determining a minimum state of health required for usage according to the classified vehicle usage type; determining a state of health of each of the electrical energy storage packs of the vehicle; concluding a replacement of the electrical energy storage packs having state of health lower than the minimum state of health; determining a load distribution between electrical energy storage packs after reconfiguration including replacement electrical energy storage packs and maintained electrical energy storage packs; and once electrical energy storage pack replacement is performed, determining a load sharing factor indicative of a load distribution between the electrical energy storage packs, and depending on the outcome of comparing the load sharing facto

Abstract: A method for operating a switching arrangement of an energy storage system, the energy storage system comprising a plurality of parallelly arranged battery packs and the switching arrangement comprising an associated contactor for each battery pack, the contactors being configured to connect and disconnect the battery packs relative a load by closing and opening, respectively. The method comprises disconnecting the battery packs from the load by means of the contactors such that the battery packs are disconnected in a sequence in which one contactor is opened last and thereby subject to increased disconnection wear, controlling the sequence in which the battery packs are disconnected in such a way that the increased disconnection wear is accounted for and used to distribute contactor wear among the contactors during subsequent disconnections of the battery packs from the load.

Abstract: A method for classifying a predetermined group of energy consumers in a vehicle The method comprises providing preview information comprising at least one of a predicted road condition and a predicted road event; processing the preview information with an estimation model adapted to relate a risk level associated with a power unavailability for each one of the energy consumers to the at least one predicted road condition and/or predicted road event; classifying the energy consumers having a risk level higher than a predetermined risk level threshold value as critical energy consumers, and classifying the energy consumers with a risk level lower than the predetermined risk level threshold value as non-critical energy consumers; estimating a required amount of energy and/or power for powering all the energy consumers in the predetermined group of energy consumers for the predicted road condition and/or the predicted road event; estimating the available energy and/or power of the EST system; in response to deter

Abstract: A method for performing SOC calibration for an electrical energy storage system of an electrified vehicle is described The method includes determining a predicted time duration needed to complete a SOC calibration, scheduling a time slot sufficient for completing the SOC-calibration according to the predicted time duration, the scheduled time slot being during a predicted downtime for the electrified vehicle, wherein when at the scheduled time slot: discharging the electrical energy storage system to a steep part of an open circuit voltage versus SOC curve of the electrical energy storage system by an on-board discharge circuit within an acceptable time duration without connecting the electrical energy storage system to a discharging system external to the vehicle; once at an open circuit voltage with gradient with respect to SOC exceeding a threshold indicative of a steep part of the open circuit voltage versus SOC curve, measuring an electrical energy storage system voltage to re-calibrate the SOC of the el

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for improving the availability of an energy storage system in a vehicle. The energy storage system comprises a plurality of battery packs, and the method comprises: acquiring battery pack performance data comprising at least one of the state-of-power, SoP, and the state-of-energy, SoE, for each one of the battery packs, wherein the acquired SoP and/or SoE for each battery pack comprises an estimated value and associated uncertainty; processing the battery pack performance data with an estimation model adapted to relate the sum of the uncertainties to a maximum expected uncertainty of an overall SoP and/or SoE of the energy storage system; and setting the maximum allowed energy storage system charging/discharging load and/or energy storage system operational windows in response to the overall SoP and/or SoE of the energy storage system and corresponding maximum expected uncertainty.

Abstract: A method for predicting a state-of-power, SoP, of an electric energy storage system, ESS, comprising at least two battery units electrically connected in parallel. The method includes obtaining operational data from the at least two battery units of the ESS during operation of the ESS; computing the state-of-power of the ESS based on the obtained operational data and by using an algorithm based on a system-level model of the ESS, wherein the system-level model of the ESS takes into account on one hand each one of the at least two battery units of the ESS, and on the other hand at least one electrical connection between the at least two battery units, and wherein the system-level model of the ESS further takes into account a dynamic parallel load distribution between the at least two battery units.

Abstract: A method for predicting an electric load imparted on each battery unit in an electric energy storage system comprising at least two battery units electrically connected in parallel to each other. The method comprises establishing a battery parameter set, the battery parameter set comprising at least the following values for each battery unit in the electric energy storage system: an internal ohmic resistance value indicative of the internal ohmic resistance of the battery unit and an open circuit voltage value indicative of the open circuit voltage of the battery unit, using an electric load level indicative of a total electric energy storage system load, and using the electric load level and the battery parameter set for predicting the imparted load on each battery unit in the electric energy storage system.

Abstract: A method for determining an electric energy storage system state-of-power value.

Abstract: A method for estimating a capacity of a battery unit in an energy storage system of a vehicle is provided. The method includes during at least a first no-load condition of the battery unit, measuring a terminal voltage of the battery unit at a number of points in time to determine a transient voltage response of the battery unit, from the transient voltage response of the battery unit during at least the first no-load condition, estimating at least a first value of an open circuit voltage of the battery unit by means of a battery model, and estimating the capacity of the battery unit based on at least the estimated at least first value of the open circuit voltage.

Abstract: A method for estimating an operating parameter of a battery unit (202) in an energy storage system (200) of a vehicle (201) using a set of first estimators, each first estimator being configured to estimate a state residual size of the battery unit based on a given initial value of said operating parameter and using a prediction model, the operating parameter being indicative of one of capacity and impedance of the battery unit, the method comprising:—obtaining measurement data relating to operating conditions of the energy storage system at a number of points in time tk,—providing a set of initial values of said operating parameter, each initial value being associated with one of said first estimators,—using the set of first estimators, estimating (103) a set of state residual sizes of the battery unit at each point in time tk based on at least the measurement data and on the associated initial values,—determining a first operating parameter estimate of the battery unit based on the estimated set of state re

Abstract: A switching arrangement for reducing contactor wear of an energy storage system having a plurality of battery packs arranged in parallel for powering a load. The switching arrangement includes a contactor for each battery pack, the contactors being configured to connect and disconnect the battery packs relative the load by closing and opening, respectively, an electric arc reducing circuitry associated to one of the contactors, wherein the switching arrangement is configured to electrically disconnect the battery packs from the load by means of the contactors such that the contactor being associated with the electric arc reducing circuitry is opened last.

Abstract: A method for operating a switching arrangement of an energy storage system, the energy storage system comprising a plurality of parallelly arranged battery packs and the switching arrangement comprising an associated contactor for each battery pack, the contactors being configured to connect and disconnect the battery packs relative a load by closing and opening, respectively. The method comprises disconnecting the battery packs from the load by means of the contactors such that the battery packs are disconnected in a sequence in which one contactor is opened last and thereby subject to increased disconnection wear, controlling the sequence in which the battery packs are disconnected in such a way that the increased disconnection wear is accounted for and used to distribute contactor wear among the contactors during subsequent disconnections of the battery packs from the load.

Abstract: A method for improving the availability of an energy storage or transformation, EST, system of a vehicle. The method comprises providing an EST system model of coupled EST components of the EST system, identifying a fault or error in an EST condition parameter of the EST system, estimating an output value of the EST condition parameter based on the EST system model, identifying a vehicle situation which, in case of an at least temporary lack of operability of the EST system, belong to a predetermined group of vehicle situations defined as hazardous, and in response to identifying the vehicle situation belonging to the predetermined group of vehicle situations defined as hazardous, operating the EST system despite the fault or error in the EST condition parameter using the estimated output value of the EST condition parameter based on the EST system model.

Abstract: A method for improving the availability of an energy storage or transformation, EST, system of a vehicle is described. The method comprises transferring the EST condition data from the first electronic unit by means of a second data transfer mode, receiving a fault or error regarding the EST condition data in relation to the first data transfer mode, determining whether or not an EST system criterium is achieved, the EST system criterium comprising at least that the EST condition data transferred by the first electronic unit by means of the second data transfer mode is received by the second electronic unit, in response of achieving the EST system criterium, operating the EST system despite the fault or error and using the EST condition data transferred by means of the second data transfer mode.

Abstract: A method for controlling electrical connection of at least two battery packs (202, 203) of an energy storage System (200) of a vehicle (201) to a common load during operation of the vehicle, each one of the battery packs being connectable to the load via at least one respective switching device, the method comprising: —receiving measurement data relating to current operating conditions of the energy storage System, —based on at least the measurement data, estimating at least one battery state of each one of the battery packs, wherein said at least one battery state is at least one of an open circuit voltage and a state of charge, —based on the estimated at least one battery state of each one of the battery packs, controlling electrical connection of each battery pack to the load via the at least one respective switching device.

Abstract: A method for estimating or predicting an internal battery state of at least one battery unit within an electric energy storage system, such as in a vehicle. The method includes obtaining operational data of the electric energy storage system relating to operating conditions of the electric energy storage system, feeding the obtained operational data to a non-linear state observer adapted to estimate and/or predict the internal battery state of the at least one battery unit in a series of time steps, such that an observer error of the non-linear state observer converges towards zero, or towards a value close to zero, based on at least the obtained operational data, estimating or predicting the internal battery state using the non-linear state observer.

Abstract: A method for estimating a battery state of an energy storage system (200) of a vehicle (201) using at least a dual estimator (301), wherein the energy storage system comprises a battery unit (202), and wherein the dual estimator comprises:—a first estimator configured to estimate said battery state using a prediction model, the first estimator having first tuning parameters, —a second estimator configured to track changes around nominal values of a set of battery parameters, the second estimator having second tuning parameters, e a feedback loop being provided between the first and second estimators, the method comprising:—obtaining operational data of the energy storage system, —feeding the operational data to the estimators, —using the first estimator, estimating the battery state, —using g the second estimator, estimating changes around the nominal values of the set of battery parameters, and at least one of:—adaptively adjusting the first and/or the second tuning parameters to account for fast timescale v

Abstract: A method for estimating a battery state of an energy storage system (200) of a vehicle (201) using at least a dual estimator (301), wherein the energy storage system comprises a battery unit (202), and wherein the dual estimator comprises: a first estimator configured to estimate said battery state using a prediction model, the first estimator having first tuning parameters, a second estimator configured to track changes around nominal values of a set of battery parameters, the second estimator having second tuning parameters, a feedback loop being provided between the first and second estimators, the method comprising: obtaining operational data of the energy storage system, determining whether the operational data fulfil a defined sensitivity criterion with respect to a sensitivity to at least one of the battery parameters, feeding the operational data to the estimators, using the first estimator, estimating the battery state, using the second estimator, for each battery parameter for which the sensitivity