Abstract: A method of opportunistic screening of osteoporosis includes obtaining a plain film chest X-ray (CXR); extracting regions of interest (ROIs) from the plain film CXR; and providing individual bone mineral density (BMD) scores corresponding to the extracted ROIs and a joint BMD corresponding to the plain film CXR based on a multi-ROI model by performing: inputting the extracted ROIs into a backbone network to generate individual feature vectors, each individual feature vector corresponding to one of the extracted ROIs; concatenating the individual feature vectors into a joint feature vector; individually decoding the individual feature vectors by a shared fully connected (FC) layer to generate the individual BMDs, each individual BMD corresponding to one of the individual feature vectors; and decoding the joint feature vector by a separate FC layer to generate the joint BMD.

Abstract: A vertebra localization and identification method includes: receiving one or more images of vertebrae of a spine; applying a machine learning model on the one or more images to generate three-dimensional (3-D) vertebra activation maps of detected vertebra centers; performing a spine rectification process on the 3-D vertebra activation maps to convert each 3-D vertebra activation map into a corresponding one-dimensional (1-D) vertebra activation signal; performing an anatomically-constrained optimization process on each 1-D vertebra activation signal to localize and identify each vertebra center in the one or more images; and outputting the one or more images, wherein on each of the one or more outputted images, a location and an identification of each vertebra center are specified.

Abstract: A method of opportunistic screening of osteoporosis includes obtaining a plain film chest X-ray (CXR); extracting regions of interest (ROIs) from the plain film CXR; and providing individual bone mineral density (BMD) scores corresponding to the extracted ROIs and a joint BMD corresponding to the plain film CXR based on a multi-ROI model by performing: inputting the extracted ROIs into a backbone network to generate individual feature vectors, each individual feature vector corresponding to one of the extracted ROIs; concatenating the individual feature vectors into a joint feature vector; individually decoding the individual feature vectors by a shared fully connected (FC) layer to generate the individual BMDs, each individual BMD corresponding to one of the individual feature vectors; and decoding the joint feature vector by a separate FC layer to generate the joint BMD.

Abstract: A vertebra localization and identification method includes: receiving one or more images of vertebrae of a spine; applying a machine learning model on the one or more images to generate three-dimensional (3-D) vertebra activation maps of detected vertebra centers; performing a spine rectification process on the 3-D vertebra activation maps to convert each 3-D vertebra activation map into a corresponding one-dimensional (1-D) vertebra activation signal; performing an anatomically-constrained optimization process on each 1-D vertebra activation signal to localize and identify each vertebra center in the one or more images; and outputting the one or more images, wherein on each of the one or more outputted images, a location and an identification of each vertebra center are specified.