Abstract: A data transmission method includes obtaining a first sequence, determining a first element in the first sequence, and performing data transmission with a network device in one frequency hopping cycle based on a frequency corresponding to an element in the first sequence. The first sequence includes Q elements that correspond to Q different frequencies. Q is a positive integer greater than 1. A first frequency corresponding to a first terminal device at a first frequency hopping moment, and corresponding to the first element. A second frequency corresponding to the first terminal device at an ith frequency hopping moment, and corresponding to a second element obtained by cyclically moving from the first element in a left or right direction for i?1 times according to a specified rule, and i is a positive integer from 2 to M, and M is a positive integer greater than or equal to 2.

Abstract: A frequency hopping pattern indication method and an apparatus are provided to reduce interference between users. In the method, a network device may indicate a frequency hopping pattern to a first terminal device which performs communication based on the frequency hopping pattern. The frequency hopping pattern indicates a frequency band occupied when the first terminal device performs communication at a frequency hopping moment. The first terminal device collides with any other terminal device at a maximum of one frequency hopping moment in one period. A first period corresponds to more than two frequency hopping moments and more than two frequency bands.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the field of wireless communication technologies. A terminal device receives configuration information, which indicates that one first combination is mapped to a plurality of downlink reference signals, and one first combination is mapped to a plurality of second combinations. The terminal device then determines a mapping relationship between a first combination and downlink reference signals, a mapping relationship between a first combination and second combinations, and a mapping relationship between second combinations and downlink reference signals based on the configuration information. Next, a first preamble is sent on a first random access channel (RO) included in a selected first combination, and a first uplink reference signal is sent on a first physical uplink shared channel occasion (PO) included in a selected second combination. The selected first combination has a mapping relationship with the selected second combination.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application relate to the field of wireless communication technologies, including the field of Wi-Fi technologies, and provide a pilot symbol transmission method and an apparatus, to reduce a possibility that pilots sent by different users in a network collide. In the method, a terminal device may send a codeword, and the codeword may include a pilot symbol and a data symbol. The pilot symbol may include a non-zero pilot symbol and a zero pilot symbol, and the data symbol may include a non-zero data symbol and a zero data symbol. According to the foregoing solutions, the pilot symbol sent by the terminal device may include the non-zero pilot symbol and the zero pilot symbol, so that the pilot symbol sent by the terminal device is sparse.

Abstract: This application provides a communication method and a communication apparatus. In the method, a first device determines a scrambling code sequence and a resource block in current transmission based on a mapping relationship between a scrambling code sequence set and a resource block set in the current transmission and a to-be-transmitted information bit. This helps avoid collisions among users by preventing them from using same scrambling code sequences and resource blocks in every transmission. The first device scrambles the information bit based on the scrambling code sequence, to obtain scrambled data in the current transmission, and sends the scrambled data on the resource block. Codeword weight of the scrambled data is within a preset range, allowing the first device to adjust the codeword weight of the scrambled data, thereby enhancing a check capability of a receive end.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a circuit board, a test system and a test method in the technical field of power consumption testing. The circuit board includes: a dielectric layer including at least one conductive via extending through the dielectric layer; first metal contacts disposed on a first side of the dielectric layer and second metal contacts disposed on a second side of the dielectric layer, wherein at least one of the first metal contacts is coupled with the second metal contacts through the conductive via; and at least one first metal pad located on the first side of the dielectric layer and at peripheries of the first metal contacts, wherein the first metal pad is coupled with at least one first metal contact through a first wiring in the dielectric layer.

Abstract: A terminal device obtains coding information that includes a first information bit and a second information bit. The terminal device selects, based on the first information bit, K groups from a codebook having L groups as activation groups, where both L and K are positive integers, and K is less than L. The terminal device then selects, based on the second information bit, a sequence from each of the activation groups as an activation sequence, and obtains a first sequence by superimposing the K activation sequences.

Abstract: A user equipment receives first indication information from a network device, where the first indication information indicates a status of each resource block group in a grant-free GF resource, the GF resource includes one or more resource block groups, each resource block group includes at least one resource block, and a status of one resource block group includes a congested state or an idle state. The user equipment performs first communication with the network device by using a first resource, where the first resource is determined based on the first indication information, and the first resource is at least one resource block group in the GF resource.

Abstract: The first terminal device groups to-be-sent information bits to obtain first information bits and second information bits; separately encodes the first information bits and the second information bits to obtain a first codeword sequence and a second codeword sequence; then performs interleaving processing on the first codeword sequence and the second codeword sequence based on an interleaving pattern, to obtain a first target signal; and sends the first target signal to the access network device. The access network device performs de-interleaving processing on the received first target signal based on a preset interleaving pattern, to obtain the first codeword sequence and the second codeword sequence; and separately decodes the first codeword sequence and the second codeword sequence to obtain the first information bits and the second information bits.

Abstract: This application relates to the communication field, and discloses a communication method and apparatus, The method includes: A first terminal device receives first frame information and second frame information from a network device, where the first frame information indicates to divide a resource block in a subframe into M*N time-frequency resource areas, and indicates that O time-frequency resource areas in the M*N time-frequency resource areas are used for signal transmission, and the second frame information indicates that R time-frequency resource units in each of the O time-frequency resource areas are used for signal transmission, where the resource block includes PM*QN time-frequency resource units, M, N, O, P, Q, and R are integers greater than or equal to 1, O is less than or equal to M*N, and R is less than or equal to P*Q. The first terminal device sends a signal.

Abstract: A communication method and apparatus to prevent a network device from frequently configuring signatures for a terminal device, and to reduce signaling overheads and power consumption of the network device and the terminal device. A terminal device determines a first downlink signal from a plurality of downlink signals. The terminal device determines, based on the first downlink signal, at least one signature from a plurality of signatures that have a mapping relationship or an association relationship with the plurality of downlink signals. The terminal device sends data by using the at least one signature.

Abstract: A communication method for reducing resource overheads and improving decoding efficiency, is applied to a communication system. The method includes: a terminal device sends resource reservation information, where the resource reservation information is used to reserve a grant-free resource; and the terminal device sends data on an actually reserved grant-free resource.

Abstract: A frequency hopping pattern indication method and an apparatus are provided to reduce interference between users. In the method, a network device may indicate a frequency hopping pattern to a first terminal device which performs communication based on the frequency hopping pattern. The frequency hopping pattern indicates a frequency band occupied when the first terminal device performs communication at a frequency hopping moment. The first terminal device collides with any other terminal device at a maximum of one frequency hopping moment in one period. A first period corresponds to more than two frequency hopping moments and more than two frequency bands.

Abstract: A data transmission method includes obtaining a first sequence, determining a first element in the first sequence, and performing data transmission with a network device in one frequency hopping cycle based on a frequency corresponding to an element in the first sequence. The first sequence includes Q elements that correspond to Q different frequencies. Q is a positive integer greater than 1. A first frequency corresponding to a first terminal device at a first frequency hopping moment, and corresponding to the first element. A second frequency corresponding to the first terminal device at an ith frequency hopping moment, and corresponding to a second element obtained by cyclically moving from the first element in a left or right direction for i?1 times according to a specified rule, and i is a positive integer from 2 to M, and M is a positive integer greater than or equal to 2.

Abstract: A first communication apparatus receives resource configuration information from a second communication apparatus, where the resource configuration information includes a first resource that is configured by the second communication apparatus for the first communication apparatus for data transmission. The first communication apparatus releases, based on a preset condition, a second resource to which a first synchronization signal block SSB is mapped, where the second resource is a dedicated resource of the first communication apparatus, and the first resource includes the second resource.

Abstract: This application relates to the field of wireless communication technologies. A terminal device receives configuration information, which indicates that one first combination is mapped to a plurality of downlink reference signals, and one first combination is mapped to a plurality of second combinations. The terminal device then determines a mapping relationship between a first combination and downlink reference signals, a mapping relationship between a first combination and second combinations, and a mapping relationship between second combinations and downlink reference signals based on the configuration information. Next, a first preamble is sent on a first RO included in a first combination, and a first uplink reference signal is sent on a first PO included in a second combination. The selected first combination has a mapping relationship with the selected second combination. A selected downlink reference signal group is indicated by the selected first combination.

Abstract: A terminal device obtains coding information that includes a first information bit and a second information bit. The terminal device selects, based on the first information bit, K groups from a codebook having L groups as activation groups, where both L and K are positive integers, and K is less than L. The terminal device then selects, based on the second information bit, a sequence from each of the activation groups as an activation sequence, and obtains a first sequence by superimposing the K activation sequences.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application relate to the field of wireless communication technologies, including the field of Wi-Fi technologies, and provide a pilot symbol transmission method and an apparatus, to reduce a possibility that pilots sent by different users in a network collide. In the method, a terminal device may send a codeword, and the codeword may include a pilot symbol and a data symbol. The pilot symbol may include a non-zero pilot symbol and a zero pilot symbol, and the data symbol may include a non-zero data symbol and a zero data symbol. According to the foregoing solutions, the pilot symbol sent by the terminal device may include the non-zero pilot symbol and the zero pilot symbol, so that the pilot symbol sent by the terminal device is sparse.

Abstract: Provided are a method and apparatus for preventing an illegal attack, and an electronic device. According to one embodiment, the method comprises: when a user feature of a user is identified successfully, determining whether a living body detection result for the user feature indicates failure; if the living body detection result for the user feature indicates failure, locking a feature ID when the feature ID of the user feature is not locked and a locking condition of the feature ID is satisfied currently; and if the living body detection result for the user feature indicates success, unlocking the feature ID when the feature ID of the user feature is locked and an unlocking condition of the locked feature ID is satisfied currently.

Abstract: Provided are a method and apparatus for preventing an illegal attack, and an electronic device. According to one embodiment, the method comprises: when a user feature of a user is identified successfully, determining whether a living body detection result for the user feature indicates failure; if the living body detection result for the user feature indicates failure, locking a feature ID when the feature ID of the user feature is not locked and a locking condition of the feature ID is satisfied currently; and if the living body detection result for the user feature indicates success, unlocking the feature ID when the feature ID of the user feature is locked and an unlocking condition of the locked feature ID is satisfied currently.