Abstract: This application provides a system architecture switching method and apparatus. The method includes: when a system architecture needs to be switched, transforming a first system architecture into a second system architecture, where the first system architecture represents a system architecture before switching; and providing a service for a user by using the second system architecture. Dynamic switching of a system architecture is implemented by using a transformable system architecture, so that switching of different architectures can be implemented by using only one system architecture. Therefore, only code for implementing the system architecture is required, and code overheads can be reduced in comparison with a conventional technology.

Abstract: A method of encoding a digital video is provided that improves inter-prediction for encoding using reference pictures. The method includes loading a sub-picture and a list of a plurality of candidate reference pictures at a video encoder, generating a plurality of candidate motion vectors by performing an integer-pel motion estimation operation, calculating a motion estimate score for each of the plurality of candidate motion vectors and selecting the one of the plurality of candidate reference pictures that is associated with the best motion estimate score as a best-match reference picture, performing additional integer-pel motion estimation operations on the best-match reference picture at one or more lower coding levels than the first coding level, refining motion vectors associated with the best-match reference picture at the first coding level and the one or more lower coding levels using fractional-pel motion estimation operations, and encoding the motion vectors into a bitstream.