Abstract: Out-of-profile rate-limited traffic is sampled to provide data for analysis, such as for, but not limited to, identifying a threat condition such as a denial-of-service or other malicious attack, or a non-malicious attack such as an error in configuration. A rate limiter including at least three states is typically used, with one of these states being an out-of-profile sampling state wherein the packet traffic is sampled to identify one or more sampled packets on which analysis can be performed, with defensive action possibly taken in response to the analysis.