Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing hydrogen gas whereby a nanobubble generator introduces nanobubbles at a concentration of at least 107 nanobubbles per cm3 into an electrolytic cell comprising a pair of electrodes and a hydrogen-containing, electrolyzable liquid, and the electrolytic cell is operated to produce hydrogen gas.

Abstract: A nanobubble generator includes a pipe and an energy source. The pipe includes an external surface, an internal surface, an internal cavity through which liquid can flow, a liquid inlet, and a liquid outlet. The internal cavity is configured to create a reduced pressure zone between the liquid inlet and liquid outlet. The nanobubble generator also includes an energy source. The energy source includes (a) a power supply, a signal generator, and at least one electrical conductor configured to apply an oscillating magnetic field to the pipe, (b) a power supply and a pair of electrical conductors configured to generate an electrical arc between the two electrical conductors and apply the electrical arc to the pipe, or (c) a combination thereof. The generator creates nanobubbles in the absence of an external source of gas.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing hydrogen gas whereby a nanobubble generator introduces nanobubbles at a concentration of at least 107 nanobubbles per cm3 into an electrolytic cell comprising a pair of electrodes and a hydrogen-containing, electrolyzable liquid, and the electrolytic cell is operated to produce hydrogen gas.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing chlorine gas whereby a nanobubble generator introduces nanobubbles at a concentration of at least 106 nanobubbles per cm3 into an electrolytic cell comprising a pair of electrodes and a chlorine-containing, electrolyzable liquid, and the electrolytic cell is operated to produce chlorine gas.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for producing hydrogen gas whereby a nanobubble generator introduces nanobubbles at a concentration of at least 107 nanobubbles per cm3 into an electrolytic cell comprising a pair of electrodes and a hydrogen-containing, electrolyzable liquid, and the electrolytic cell is operated to produce hydrogen gas.

Abstract: A nano-bubble-generating apparatus includes: an elongate housing defining an interior cavity adapted for receiving a liquid carrier, a liquid inlet, and a liquid outlet; a gas-permeable member at least partially disposed within the interior cavity of the housing that includes a first end adapted for receiving a pressurized gas, a second end, and a porous sidewall; and an electrical conductor adapted to generate a magnetic flux parallel to an outer surface of the gas-permeable member as the liquid carrier flows from the liquid inlet to the liquid outlet. The housing and gas-permeable member are configured such that the flow rate of the liquid carrier flowing parallel to the outer surface of the gas-permeable member is greater than the turbulent threshold of the liquid to create turbulent flow conditions, thereby allowing the liquid to shear gas from the outer surface of the gas-permeable member and form nano-bubbles in the liquid carrier.

Abstract: An operational support system (OSS) (96) for a telecommunications network, is coupled by a data communications network (DCN) (410, 510) with network elements (110) managed by the OSS. The OSS is managed by monitoring (200) an actual capability of the data communications network, and performance of an OSS operation is predicted (220) based on reference performance information and on the actual capability of the DCN. An alarm is raised based on a comparison (230) between the predicted performance and a defined threshold associated with the operation of the operational support system. Compared to known OSS monitoring to detect when an OSS operation has failed to complete, this raising of the alarm can enable pre-emptive management action. By making the prediction based on actual DCN capability, the prediction can have reduced errors from variability or unpredictability in DCN capability.

Abstract: A Data Communication Network couples a Management System to Network Elements. The Data Communication Network comprises a Gateway Network Element and a number of the Network Elements subtended by the Gateway Network Element. A method performed by the Management System comprises: a) determining the number of Network Elements that are subtended by the Gateway Network Element; b) determining a value of an interval parameter for the Network Elements based on the number of the Network Elements that are subtended by the Gateway Network Element, wherein the interval parameter is a duration over which performance data is collected by the Network Element; and c) assigning the determined value of the history control interval parameter to the Gateway Network Element and the subtended Network Elements.

Abstract: An operational support system (OSS) (96) for a telecommunications network, is coupled by a data communications network (DCN) (410, 510) with network elements (110) managed by the OSS. The OSS is managed by monitoring (200) an actual capability of the data communications network, and performance of an OSS operation is predicted (220) based on reference performance information and on the actual capability of the DCN. An alarm is raised based on a comparison (230) between the predicted performance and a defined threshold associated with the operation of the operational support system. Compared to known OSS monitoring to detect when an OSS operation has failed to complete, this raising of the alarm can enable pre-emptive management action. By making the prediction based on actual DCN capability, the prediction can have reduced errors from variability or unpredictability in DCN capability.

Abstract: A telecommunications network arranged for controlling the flow of SNMP trap notifications from Subtended Network Elements and subtending Gateway Network Elements to a Management System, the network being provided with a Network Analyzer arranged for determining the number of Network Elements that are subtended by each Gateway Network Element, and a Notification Threshold Manager arranged for calculating a Notification Throttling Threshold (an upper limit for the rate at which a Subtended Network Element may send SNMP trap notifications to the Management System in dependence upon the number of Network Elements that are subtended by the Gateway Network Element. The Notification Throttling Threshold is transmitted to the Gateway Network Element and Subtended Network Elements by the Management System. Also disclosed is a method for controlling the flow of SNMP trap notifications in the above-described network.

Abstract: A method for prioritizing traffic within the IP protocol of a data communications network, the method comprising detecting an activity belonging to a pre-defined group of high priority activities; identifying network elements associated with the high priority activity; and prioritizing traffic from the network elements associated with the high priority activity. Also disclosed is a management system arranged to implement the above-described method, and a data communications network comprising said management system.

Abstract: A Data Communication Network couples a Management System to Network Elements. The Data Communication Network comprises a Gateway Network Element and a number of the Network Elements subtended by the Gateway Network Element. A method performed by the Management System comprises: a) determining the number of Network Elements that are subtended by the Gateway Network Element; b) determining a value of an interval parameter for the Network Elements based on the number of the Network Elements that are subtended by the Gateway Network Element, wherein the interval parameter is a duration over which performance data is collected by the Network Element; and c) assigning the determined value of the history control interval parameter to the Gateway Network Element and the subtended Network Elements.

Abstract: A method for prioritising traffic within the IP protocol of a data communications network, the method comprising detecting an activity belonging to a pre-defined group of high priority activities; identifying network elements associated with the high priority activity; and prioritising traffic from the network elements associated with the high priority activity. Also disclosed is a management system arranged to implement the above-described method, and a data communications network comprising said management system.

Abstract: A telecommunications network arranged for controlling the flow of SNMP trap notifications from Subtended Network Elements and subtending Gateway Network Elements to a Management System, the network being provided with a Network Analyser arranged for determining the number of Network Elements that are subtended by each Gateway Network Element, and a Notification Threshold Manager arranged for calculating a Notification Throttling Threshold (an upper limit for the rate at which a Subtended Network Element may send SNMP trap notifications to the Management System in dependence upon the number of Network Elements that are subtended by the Gateway Network Element. The Notification Throttling Threshold is transmitted to the Gateway Network Element and Subtended Network Elements by the Management System. Also disclosed is a method for controlling the flow of SNMP trap notifications in the above-described network.