Abstract: A sensor may include a reflective electrode, a photoelectric conversion layer on the reflective electrode and including one or more photoelectric conversion materials, a semi-transmissive electrode on the photoelectric conversion layer, a light transmitting buffer layer on the semi-transmissive electrode, and a semi-transmissive auxiliary layer on the light transmitting buffer layer.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method fir measuring a deviation angle of a fatigue microcrack based on nonlinear ultrasound, comprising: preliminarily positioning a fatigue microcrack to obtain a center of the microcrack; selecting a horizontal positive direction, and defining an orientation angle; drawing a positive circumference on a surface of a metal plate, and selecting a fixed interval angle; placing an excitation sensor and a receiving sensor on the drawn positive circumference according to the orientation angle; ultrasonically testing each group of ultrasonic sensing paths, and recording time domain waveform signals formed by each group of ultrasonic sensing paths; converting each group of time domain waveform signals into a corresponding frequency domain graph, extracting an ultrasonic fundamental wave signal amplitude and a second harmonic waveform amplitude, and calculating a relative nonlinear coefficient; drawing an orientation angle-relative nonlinear coefficient polar coordinate graph; and determining a deviat

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for managing blockchain-based trustable transaction services. One of the methods includes: storing order data of an order between a buyer and a seller on a blockchain of a blockchain network, the order data including one or more payment conditions and data of a trustable undertaking (TU) service for the order, verifying that the buyer has the TU service for the order guaranteed by the buyer financial institution, generating a smart contract for the order based on the order data on the blockchain, and executing the smart contract to automatically instruct the buyer financial institution to make a payment of the order for the buyer to the seller according to the TU service for the order in response to determining that a payment condition for the payment specified in the smart contract is met.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for managing blockchain-based trustable transaction services. One of the methods includes: storing order data of an order between a buyer and a seller on a blockchain of a blockchain network, the order data including one or more payment conditions, verifying that the buyer has a trustable automatic payment service guaranteed by a buyer financial institution, generating a smart contract for the order based on the order data on the blockchain, and executing the smart contract to automatically instruct the buyer financial institution to make a payment of the order for the buyer to the seller according to the trustable automatic payment service in response to determining that a payment condition for the payment specified in the smart contract is met based on order status data uploaded to the blockchain.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for managing blockchain-based trustable transaction services. One of the methods includes: storing order data of an order between a buyer and a seller on a blockchain of a blockchain network, the order data including one or more payment conditions and data of a trustable undertaking (TU) service for the order, verifying that the buyer has the TU service for the order guaranteed by the buyer financial institution, generating a smart contract for the order based on the order data on the blockchain, and executing the smart contract to automatically instruct the buyer financial institution to make a payment of the order for the buyer to the seller according to the TU service for the order in response to determining that a payment condition for the payment specified in the smart contract is met.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for managing blockchain-based trustable transaction services. One of the methods includes: storing order data of an order between a buyer and a seller on a blockchain of a blockchain network, the order data including one or more payment conditions, verifying that the buyer has a trustable automatic payment service guaranteed by a buyer financial institution, generating a smart contract for the order based on the order data on the blockchain, and executing the smart contract to automatically instruct the buyer financial institution to make a payment of the order for the buyer to the seller according to the trustable automatic payment service in response to determining that a payment condition for the payment specified in the smart contract is met based on order status data uploaded to the blockchain.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for managing blockchain-based trustable transaction services. One of the methods includes: storing order data of an order between a buyer and a seller on a blockchain of a blockchain network, the order data including one or more payment conditions and data of a trustable undertaking (TU) service, generating a trustable undertaking certificate for the order based on the order data, storing the trustable undertaking certificate on the blockchain, and transmitting the trustable undertaking certificate to a seller financial institution to determine whether to approve a financing request of the seller based on the trustable undertaking certificate. The TU service is guaranteed by a buyer financial institution that automatically makes a payment based on a credit of the buyer in response to that a condition specified in a smart contract deployed on the blockchain is met.