Abstract: A method includes determining a first data sending rate based on multiple round-trip times (RTTs), where the multiple RTTs include RTTs of a plurality of first probe packets sent at different sending rates, and the first sending rate is a sending rate corresponding to an RTT that is in the multiple RTTs and that is less than a first preset threshold; determining a second sending rate based on a plurality of packet loss rates, where the packet loss rates include packet loss rates of a plurality of second probe packets sent at different sending rates, and the second sending rate is a sending rate corresponding to a packet loss rate that is less than a second preset threshold; and sending a third probe packet at a third sending rate.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application disclose a data transmission method and a communication apparatus. The method may be applied to a data transmission or data distribution scenario in a peer-to-peer P2P network. The method includes: A first end node sends delayed transmission information to a second end node, where the delayed transmission information indicates time information at which the first end node delays sending first data to the second end node. When determining that the second end node accepts the delayed transmission information, the first end node delays sending the first data to the second end node, to alleviate a load of the first end node, so that a network congestion problem caused by a large-scale concurrent data request can be resolved.

Abstract: A packet forwarding method includes that a session management network element sends a path identifier to a first device, where the first device includes an access network element corresponding to a protocol data unit (PDU) session and a user plane network element corresponding to the PDU session, the PDU session corresponds to a first terminal, the path identifier indicates a first path from the access network element to the user plane network element, the first path includes a part or all of a second path, and the second path is a path corresponding to a PDU session pre-established by the session management network element for a second terminal. The session management network element further sends, to the first device, identification information of a destination address corresponding to the path identifier.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application disclose a data transmission method, to reduce a delay. If a network device receives burst data, the network device preferentially sends the burst data. The burst data may be data whose data amount is greater than a data amount threshold.