Abstract: Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite including: M2+, one or more A+, and a multifunctional nonvolatile additive (MNA) comprising a cationic species having the formula R1Ar1R2, wherein M2+ comprises Pb2+, Sn2+, Ge2+, or a mixture thereof; each of the one or more A+ is independently selected from the group consisting of Cs+, Rb+, CH3NH3+, CH3CH2NH3+, H(C?NH2)NH2+, and Me(C?NH2)NH2+; Ar1 is an optionally substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl; R1 is —COOH, —CH2COOH, —CH2CH2COOH, —SO3H, —CH2SO3H, —CH2CH2SO3H, —PO3H2, —CH2PO3H2, or —CH2CH2PO3H2; and R2 is —NH(C?NH2)NH2+ or —N(R)3H+, wherein R for each instance is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, with the proviso that the one or more A+ includes H(C?NH2)NH2+.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method for establishing an identifier mapping relationship, in which a end node of a service allocates its ingress identifier, generates an identifier mapping relationship of the end node, and sends a signaling message that carries the ingress identifier of the end node to upstream nodes along the direction to a head node of the service; and the head node receives the signaling message from an adjacent downstream node, extracts the ingress identifier of the adjacent downstream node as the egress identifier of the head node, and generates an identifier mapping relationship of the head node. The invention also discloses a system and node apparatus for establishing an identifier mapping relationship. The technical solutions provided by the invention may realize automatic configuration of an identifier mapping relationship.