Abstract: A method and system are described for creating subsurface models that accounts for non-matrix features. The method includes identifying non-matrix attributes and non-matrix effective properties, constructing a subsurface model for a subsurface region and using the subsurface model in simulations and in hydrocarbon operations, such as hydrocarbon exploration, hydrocarbon development, and/or hydrocarbon production.

Abstract: A method of increasing a thermal conductivity of a subterranean formation and a hydrocarbon-containing material comprises introducing nanoparticles having a high thermal conductivity into the subterranean formation. The nanoparticles adhere to surfaces of the hydrocarbon-containing material and increase the thermal conductivity of the hydrocarbon-containing material. A heating fluid is injected into the subterranean formation and contacts the nanoparticles. Heat is transferred to hydrocarbons of the hydrocarbon-containing material and reduces a viscosity of the hydrocarbons. Methods of transferring heat to a hydrocarbon-containing material, as well as methods of recovering hydrocarbons from a subterranean formation are also disclosed.