Abstract: Methods comprise generating chlorine gas in a conversion process that converts metal chloride from an aqueous medium derived from a metal containing aqueous source into a hydroxide material; recovering the chlorine gas; and recovering bromine by reacting the chlorine gas with a bromide containing aqueous source. The methods and apparatus described herein also provide for removing sulfide species and/or organic species and/or transition metals, among others. The methods may be applicable for instance to lithium conversion and may be coupled to a direct extraction process for lithium extraction.

Abstract: Systems and methods presented herein enable coordinated pumping operations. An example system may include a treatment fluid system configured to pump a treatment fluid into a wellbore, a pump-down system configured to pump a pump-down fluid into the wellbore to convey a perforating tool, a fluid valve system configured to selectively fluidly connect and disconnect the treatment fluid system and the pump-down system to and from the wellbore, and a controller communicatively connected to the treatment fluid system, the pump-down system, and the fluid valve system. The controller may be configured to monitor operational status of the treatment fluid system, the pump-down system, and the fluid valve system, and control operations of the treatment fluid system, the pump-down system, and the fluid valve system based at least in part on the operational status of the treatment fluid system, the pump-down system, and the fluid valve system.

Abstract: A system can include one or more processors; memory; a data interface that receives data; a control interface that transmits control signals for control of pumps of a hydraulic fracturing operation; and one or more components that can include one or more of a modeling component that predicts pressure in a well fluidly coupled to at least one of the pumps, a pumping rate adjustment component that generates a pumping rate control signal for transmission via the control interface, a capacity component that estimates a real-time pumping capacity for each individual pump, and a control component that, for a target pumping rate for the pumps during the hydraulic fracturing operation, generates at least one of engine throttle and transmission gear settings for each of the individual pumps using an estimated real-time pumping capacity for each individual pump where the settings are transmissible via the control interface.

Abstract: Methods of treating an aqueous source are described herein that include reducing a concentration of sulfide species in a stream obtained from the aqueous source to form an extraction feed and extracting ions from the extraction feed, or a stream obtained from the extraction feed, using direct aqueous extraction. Other methods describe treating an aqueous source by reducing a concentration of organic species in a stream derived from the aqueous source to form an extraction feed and extracting ions from the extraction feed, or a stream derived from the extraction feed, using direct aqueous extraction. The aqueous source can be an aqueous lithium source.

Abstract: Described herein are methods of recovering a target ion, such as lithium, from earth materials. The methods include leaching the target ion from an earth material such as a clay to form a target solution and extracting the target ion from the dilute lithium solution using a extraction process selective for the target ion to yield a concentrate which can be converted to a product.

Abstract: Described herein are methods of recovering target ions from salt deposits. The methods include dissolving a target ion from a salt deposit to form a target solution and extracting the target ion from the target solution using a selective extraction process to yield a concentrate of the target ion which can be converted to a product.

Abstract: Described herein are methods of recovering lithium from dilute lithium sources. The methods include concentrating a dilute aqueous lithium source to yield an extraction feed having an extraction lithium concentration; extracting lithium from the extraction feed using direct lithium extraction in an extraction stage to yield a lithium intermediate; concentrating a stream obtained from the lithium intermediate in a concentration stage to yield a lithium concentrate; and converting lithium in the lithium concentrate to lithium hydroxide.

Abstract: Described herein are methods of recovering lithium from dilute lithium sources. The methods include concentrating a dilute aqueous lithium source to yield an extraction feed having an extraction lithium concentration; extracting lithium from the extraction feed using direct lithium extraction in an extraction stage to yield a lithium intermediate; concentrating a stream obtained from the lithium intermediate in a concentration stage to yield a lithium concentrate; and converting lithium in the lithium concentrate to lithium hydroxide.

Abstract: A system can include one or more processors; memory; a data interface that receives data; a control interface that transmits control signals for control of pumps of a hydraulic fracturing operation; and one or more components that can include one or more of a modeling component that predicts pressure in a well fluidly coupled to at least one of the pumps, a pumping rate adjustment component that generates a pumping rate control signal for transmission via the control interface, a capacity component that estimates a real-time pumping capacity for each individual pump, and a control component that, for a target pumping rate for the pumps during the hydraulic fracturing operation, generates at least one of engine throttle and transmission gear settings for each of the individual pumps using an estimated real-time pumping capacity for each individual pump where the settings are transmissible via the control interface.

Abstract: Described herein are methods of recovering lithium from aqueous sources. The methods include extracting lithium from an aqueous lithium source using an extraction stage to yield a lithium intermediate; routing the lithium intermediate to a concentration stage to yield a lithium concentrate; and adjusting parameters of the ion withdrawal extraction stage to target a ratio of lithium ions to impurity ions in the lithium intermediate.

Abstract: Described herein are methods of recovering lithium from dilute lithium sources. The methods include extracting lithium from an extraction feed using direct lithium extraction in an extraction stage to yield a lithium intermediate, performing one or more concentration operations, each concentration operation concentrating an input stream to yield an output feed, wherein the input stream is obtained from the lithium intermediate and/or the extraction feed is obtained from the output feed. At least one of the concentration operations includes a membrane separation operation having a plurality of reactors in series each having a semi-permeable membrane, such as a counter-flow reverse osmosis operation. Methods may also include generating a low TDS stream as a permeate from any of the one or more concentration operations, wherein the low TDS stream is recycled or used as fresh water.

Abstract: Systems and methods presented herein enable the automation of perforation gun deployment to a downhole location in a well at an oilfield. For example, at least one perforation gun may be deployed into the well with a conveyance line coupled to a head of a downhole tool string that includes the at least one perforation gun, and advanced with pump assistance from at least one pump unit at the oilfield. Deployment of the at least one perforation gun may be adjusted by a coordinated controller in an automated manner based at least in part on monitoring of a pump rate of the at least one pump unit and a tension at a head of the downhole tool string.

Abstract: Lithium recovery processes are described using vaporization and conversion techniques. A vaporizer can be used to concentrate lithium and precipitate impurities. A conversion process can be used to replace anions in lithium bearing streams by adding a second anion and precipitating lithium in a salt with the second anion. Rotary separation can be used to separate the precipitated lithium salt.

Abstract: Lithium recovery processes are described using concentration and conversion techniques. A vaporizer or membrane can be used to concentrate lithium and precipitate impurities. A conversion process can be used to replace anions in lithium bearing streams by adding a second anion and precipitating lithium in a salt with the second anion. Rotary separation can be used to separate the precipitated lithium salt.

Abstract: Lithium recovery processes are described using vaporization and conversion techniques. A vaporizer can be used to concentrate lithium and precipitate impurities. A conversion process can be used to replace anions in lithium bearing streams by adding a second anion and precipitating lithium in a salt with the second anion. Rotary separation can be used to separate the precipitated lithium salt.

Abstract: Systems and methods presented herein enable coordinated pumping operations. An example system may include a treatment fluid system configured to pump a treatment fluid into a wellbore, a pump-down system configured to pump a pump-down fluid into the wellbore to convey a perforating tool, a fluid valve system configured to selectively fluidly connect and disconnect the treatment fluid system and the pump-down system to and from the wellbore, and a controller communicatively connected to the treatment fluid system, the pump-down system, and the fluid valve system. The controller may be configured to monitor operational status of the treatment fluid system, the pump-down system, and the fluid valve system, and control operations of the treatment fluid system, the pump-down system, and the fluid valve system based at least in part on the operational status of the treatment fluid system, the pump-down system, and the fluid valve system.

Abstract: Systems and methods presented herein enable coordinated pumping operations. An example system may include a treatment fluid system configured to pump a treatment fluid into a wellbore, a pump-down system configured to pump a pump-down fluid into the wellbore to convey a perforating tool, a fluid valve system configured to selectively fluidly connect and disconnect the treatment fluid system and the pump-down system to and from the wellbore, and a controller communicatively connected to the treatment fluid system, the pump-down system, and the fluid valve system. The controller may be configured to monitor operational status of the treatment fluid system, the pump-down system, and the fluid valve system, and control operations of the treatment fluid system, the pump-down system, and the fluid valve system based at least in part on the operational status of the treatment fluid system, the pump-down system, and the fluid valve system.

Abstract: A system can include one or more processors; memory; a data interface that receives data; a control interface that transmits control signals for control of pumps of a hydraulic fracturing operation; and one or more components that can include one or more of a modeling component that predicts pressure in a well fluidly coupled to at least one of the pumps, a pumping rate adjustment component that generates a pumping rate control signal for transmission via the control interface, a capacity component that estimates a real-time pumping capacity for each individual pump, and a control component that, for a target pumping rate for the pumps during the hydraulic fracturing operation, generates at least one of engine throttle and transmission gear settings for each of the individual pumps using an estimated real-time pumping capacity for each individual pump where the settings are transmissible via the control interface.

Abstract: Systems and methods presented herein enable coordinated pumping operations. An example system may include a treatment fluid system configured to pump a treatment fluid into a wellbore, a pump-down system configured to pump a pump-down fluid into the wellbore to convey a perforating tool, a fluid valve system configured to selectively fluidly connect and disconnect the treatment fluid system and the pump-down system to and from the wellbore, and a controller communicatively connected to the treatment fluid system, the pump-down system, and the fluid valve system. The controller may be configured to monitor operational status of the treatment fluid system, the pump-down system, and the fluid valve system, and control operations of the treatment fluid system, the pump-down system, and the fluid valve system based at least in part on the operational status of the treatment fluid system, the pump-down system, and the fluid valve system.

Abstract: Systems and methods presented herein enable the automation of perforation gun deployment to a downhole location in a well at an oilfield. For example, at least one perforation gun may be deployed into the well with a conveyance line coupled to a head of a downhole tool string that includes the at least one perforation gun, and advanced with pump assistance from at least one pump unit at the oilfield. Deployment of the at least one perforation gun may be adjusted by a coordinated controller in an automated manner based at least in part on monitoring of a pump rate of the at least one pump unit and a tension at a head of the downhole tool string.