Abstract: A material comprising an electron-accepting unit of formula (I): Ar is an aromatic ring; Ar1 is a substituted or unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring containing N and C ring atoms; when Ar1 is a substituted or unsubstituted 6-membered heteroaromatic ring, Ar2 is a substituted or unsubstituted 6-membered heteroaromatic ring wherein the ring atoms are selected from N and C; when Ar1 is a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring, Ar2 is a substituted or unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring; Ar3 is a 5-membered ring or a substituted or unsubstituted 6-membered ring; Ar4 is a 5-membered ring or a substituted or unsubstituted 6-membered ring or is absent; Ar5 is a substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic or polycyclic group containing at least one aromatic or heteroaromatic ring; Ar6 is a substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic or polycyclic group containing at least one aromatic or heteroaromatic ring or is absent; and each X is independently a substituent bound to a C atom of Ar3, and where prese

Abstract: A compound of formula (I): (Core)n-(X)m wherein Core is a core group; n is 0 and m is 1, or n is 1 and m is at least 1; and X is a group of formula (II): wherein: R1, R3 and R5 are each independently H or a substituent; R2 and R4 are each a substituent; one of R1-R5 is a direct bond or divalent linking group linking the group of formula (II) to Core in the case where n is 1; x and y are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and the compound of formula (I) is substituted with at least one ionic substituent. The compound may be used as an n-dopant to dope an organic semiconductor.

Abstract: A light-emitting polymer comprising a repeat unit of formula (I): R1-R4 are each independently H or a substituent; and Ar1 and Ar2 are each independently an aromatic or heteroaromatic group selected from formulae (IIa) and (IIb): The polymer may be formed from a non-luminescent or weakly luminescent monomer.

Abstract: A method of recording data to a layer (101) of a recording medium in which an organic luminescent precursor composition is irradiated with a first light beam (103) and a second light beam (105), the first light beam having a write wavelength for conversion of the organic luminescent precursor composition to an organic luminescent composition and the second light beam having a write inhibition wavelength for inhibiting conversion of the organic luminescent precursor composition to the organic luminescent composition. The second light beam has a central area and a surrounding area; an intensity of the second light beam in the central area being lower than an intensity of the second light beam in the surrounding area. The first light beam extends across the central area and the surrounding area of the second light beam surrounds the first light beam.

Abstract: A charge-transfer salt formed from a material comprising a repeat unit of formula (I) and an n-dopant: wherein BG is a backbone group of the repeat unit; R1 is a ionic substituent comprising at least one cationic or anionic group; n is at least 1; R2 is a non-ionic substituent; and m is 0 or a positive integer; the material further comprising a counterion balancing the charge of the cationic or anionic group.

Abstract: A compound of formula (I) or (III) (Formulae (I), (III)) wherein: one Y is a substituent R1 bound directly to the fluorene unit of formula (I) by an sp3-hybridised carbon atom; the other Y is an aryl or heteroaryl group Ar1 that may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents; Ar2 is an arylene or heteroarylene group; R2 is a substituent; b is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; c is 0, 1, 2 or 3; and X is a group of formula (II): (Formula (II)) wherein Z is O or S; R3 independently in each occurrence is a substituent; each x is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3; and * is a bond to the fluorene unit of formula (I). The compounds may be used as host materials for phosphorescent dopants in organic light-emitting devices.

Abstract: A composition comprising a semiconducting host compound having a glass transition temperature (Tg) of less than 100° C., and a phosphorescent compound wherein the phosphorescent compound is a metal complex of formula (II): M is Ir (III) or Pt (II). p is at least 1. q is 0, 1 or 2. L is a bidentate ligand substituted with one or two groups X wherein each X independently comprises an aromatic or heteroaromatic group Ar5; the sum of the number of rings comprised in the one or more X groups of formula (II) is at least 12; and at least 75% of the mass of each X is made up of the mass of the aromatic or heteroaromatic ring atoms of Ar5. L2 is a bidentate ligand which is different from L1.

Abstract: A battery cell formed of anode made from an n-type polymer and a cathode made from a p-type polymer with an electrolyte between the anode and the cathode. The anode and cathode are formed by depositing a compound that contains a non-volatile electrolyte that creates pathways in the deposited anode and the cathode.

Abstract: A charge-transfer salt formed from a material comprising a repeat unit of formula (I) and an n-dopant: wherein BG is a backbone group of the repeat unit; R1 is a ionic substituent comprising at least one cationic or anionic group; n is at least 1; R2 is a non-ionic substituent; and m is 0 or a positive integer; the material further comprising a counterion balancing the charge of the cationic or anionic group.

Abstract: A polymer comprising a repeat unit of formula (I): (I) wherein each Ar1 and each Ar2 independently represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic or heteroaromatic group; each Cy independently represents a saturated heterocyclic or carbocyclic ring that may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents; n is 1, 2 or 3; and adjacent groups Ar2 may be linked by a divalent linking group in the case where n is 2 or 3. The polymer may be used as a charge-transporting material or light-emitting material in an organic light-emitting device.

Abstract: A method of forming an n-doped organic semiconductor, the method comprising: formation of an n-dopant reagent by reaction of a composition comprising two or more precursor units for forming the n-dopant reagent and an organic semiconductor; and n-doping the organic semiconductor. One or more of the precursor units may be a substituent of a polymeric repeat unit. The n-doped organic semiconductor may be an electron-injection layer of an organic light-emitting device.

Abstract: A phosphorescent metal complex comprising at least one ligand substituted with a group of formula (IIIa), (IIIb) or (IIIc): wherein Y is selected from O, S, a substituted carbon atom; and a substituted silicon atom; Z in each occurrence is independently selected from N and P; R4 independently in each occurrence is a substituent; R5 independently in each occurrence is H or a substituent; x independently in each occurrence is 0, 1, 2 or 3; y and z in each occurrence are independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. The group of formula (IIIa), (Mb) or (IIIc) may be directly bound to the ligand or spaced apart therefrom by a spacer group. The phosphorescent metal complex may be used as a light-emitting material in an organic light-emitting device.

Abstract: A method of forming a crosslinked polymer and an anion, the method comprising the step of reacting a first polymeric substituent comprising a nucleophilic group and a second polymeric substituent comprising an electrophilic group wherein the first polymeric substituent is a substituent of a first polymer and the second polymeric substituent is a substituent of the first polymer or a second polymer. The first and second polymers may be non-conjugated or conjugated. The crosslinked polymers may be used in electrochemical devices, for example battery cells.

Abstract: A composition comprising a first material substituted with at least one group of formula (I) and a second material substituted with at least one group selected from groups of formulae (IIa) and (IIb): wherein: Sp1 and Sp2 are spacer groups; NB independently in each occurrence is a norbornene group that may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents; n1 and n2 are 0 or 1; m1 is 1 if n1 is 0 and m1 is at least 1 if n1 is 1; m2 is 1 if n2 is 0 and m2 is at least 1 if n2 is 1; Ar1 represents an aryl or heteroaryl group; R1 independently in each occurrence is H or a substituent; and * represents a point of attachment to the first or second material. The composition may be used to form a layer of an organic electronic device, for example the hole-transporting layer of an organic light-emitting device.

Abstract: A composite comprising silica and a light- emitting polymer comprising a backbone and polar groups pendant from the backbone.

Abstract: A material substituted with a group of formula (I): wherein: Ar1 is an aryl or heteroaryl group; Sp1 represents a first spacer group; n1 is 0 or 1; m1 is 1 if n1 is 0 and m1 is at least 1 if n1 is 1; R1 independently in each occurrence is H or a substituent, with the proviso that at least one R1 is a group R11 selected from: alkyl comprising a tertiary carbon atom directly bound to a carbon atom of the cyclobutene ring of formula (I); branched alkyl wherein a secondary or tertiary carbon atom of the branched alkyl is spaced from a carbon atom of the cyclobutene ring of formula (I) by at least one —CH2— group; and alkyl comprising a cyclic alkyl group; or with the proviso that at least two R1 groups are linked to form a ring.

Abstract: A polymer comprising a fluorescent light-emitting repeating unit comprising a group of formula ED-EA wherein ED is an electron-donating unit; EA is an electron-accepting unit; and a band gap EgCT of a charge-transfer state formed from the electron-donating unit and the electron-accepting unit is smaller than the bandgap of either the electron-accepting unit EgEA or that of the electron-donating unit EgED.

Abstract: A method of forming an n-doped organic semiconductor, the method comprising: formation of an n-dopant reagent by reaction of a composition comprising two or more precursor units for forming the n-dopant reagent and an organic semiconductor; and n-doping the organic semiconductor. One or more of the precursor units may be a substituent of a polymeric repeat unit. The n-doped organic semiconductor may be an electron-injection layer of an organic light-emitting device.

Abstract: Methods of metal-catalysed polymerisation are described using a metal catalyst of formula (III): wherein R3 in each occurrence is independently selected from C1-10 alkyl and aryl that may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents; y is 0 or 2; and Z?is an anion. Methods described include Buchwald-type and Suzuki-type polymerisation.

Abstract: Methods of metal-catalysed polymerisation are described using a metal catalyst of formula (III): wherein R3 in each occurrence is independently selected from C1-10 alkyl and aryl that may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents; y is 0 or 2; and Z?is an anion. Methods described include Buchwald-type and Suzuki-type polymerisation.