Abstract: An apparatus for condensing steam is described including at least two chambers with a first chamber operated as co-current flow condensing chamber and a second chamber operated as counter-current flow condensing chamber with the co-current flow condensing chamber including a cooling liquid distribution system with a plurality of channels arranged above a plurality of film carriers having flat surface areas to carry films of cooling liquid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a condenser system comprising a condenser with an extraction system. The vent system adapted for variable non-condensable loading by comprising an adjustable ejector for adjustably reducing a pressure ratio between different regions of the condenser.

Abstract: An apparatus for condensing steam is described including at least two chambers with a first chamber operated as co-current flow condensing chamber and a second chamber operated as counter-current flow condensing chamber with the co-current flow condensing chamber including a cooling liquid distribution system with a plurality of channels arranged above a plurality of film carriers having flat surface areas to carry films of cooling liquid.

Abstract: A compressor for a gas turbine has, on the surfaces of its components, in particular of its blading, a coating for protecting the surfaces from erosion. The coating has at least two layers or a plurality of pairs of layers formed from amorphous carbon or a plasma polymer, the layers having an inherently high hardness, and the outermost layer of the coating having hydrophobic properties. Furthermore, the hardness of an inner layer of a pair of layers is higher than the hardness of an outer layer. The coating is particularly suitable for the avoidance of drop impingement erosion caused by liquid drops, erosion caused by solid particles, such as ice, and contamination caused by deposition of dust particles and constituents which are dissolved in liquids. The coating prolongs the service life of the components and increases the power of the turbine.

Abstract: A deaerating and degassing system for a power plant condenser, comprising a condensate collector and optionally an air cooler, whereby the deaerating and degassing system includes a suction aggregate and a suction line for a steam-inert gas mixture and the suction line connects the condenser or, in case an air cooler is present, the air cooler of the condenser, to the suction aggregate. In the suction line, there is a direct-contact condensation device, for example, a packing column or a tray contact apparatus, through which the steam-inert gas mixture can flow in direct contact in a countercurrent to the chilled condensate from the condensate collector.

Abstract: The heat transfer surfaces of a condensation heat exchanger are provided with a coating according to the invention which comprises a sequence of layers which includes at least one hard layer which comprises amorphous carbon or a plasma polymer and at least one soft layer which comprises amorphous carbon or a plasma polymer. The hard and soft layers are applied alternately, the first layer on the heat transfer surface being a hard layer and the last layer of the coating being a soft layer. The last, soft layer is distinguished in particular by hydrophobic properties. The layer sequence ensures condensation of drops and, at the same time, protects against drop impingement erosion.

Abstract: A compressor for a gas turbine has, on the surfaces of its components, in particular of its blading, a coating for protecting the surfaces from erosion. The coating has at least two layers or a plurality of pairs of layers formed from amorphous carbon or a plasma polymer, the layers having an inherently high hardness, and the outermost layer of the coating having hydrophobic properties. Furthermore, the hardness of an inner layer of a pair of layers is higher than the hardness of an outer layer. The coating is particularly suitable for the avoidance of drop impingement erosion caused by liquid drops, erosion caused by solid particles, such as ice, and contamination caused by deposition of dust particles and constituents which are dissolved in liquids. The coating prolongs the service life of the components and increases the power of the turbine.

Abstract: A protective coating is provided for metallic components of power installations which are in direct contact with the water used as a working medium in steam power stations, in particular. The vaporous working medium not only forms an undesirable film of condensate but also contributes to the destruction of the components, due to the impact of drops. The protective coating eliminates these disadvantages. The protective coating has an inhomogeneous structure including at least two layers which are produced from an amorphous material. The layers have different properties which render the components unwettable and resistant to erosion.

Abstract: The heat transfer surfaces of a condensation heat exchanger are provided with a coating according to the invention which comprises a sequence of layers which includes at least one hard layer which comprises amorphous carbon or a plasma polymer and at least one soft layer which comprises amorphous carbon or a plasma polymer. The hard and soft layers are applied alternately, the first layer on the heat transfer surface being a hard layer and the last layer of the coating being a soft layer. The last, soft layer is distinguished in particular by hydrophobic properties. The layer sequence ensures condensation of drops and, at the same time, protects against drop impingement erosion.

Abstract: A protective coating is provided for metallic components of power installations which are in direct contact with the water used as a working medium in steam power stations, in particular. The vaporous working medium not only forms an undesirable film of condensate but also contributes to the destruction of the components, due to the impact of drops. The protective coating eliminates these disadvantages. The protective coating has an inhomogeneous structure including at least two layers which are produced from an amorphous material. The layers have different properties which render the components unwettable and resistant to erosion.

Abstract: Connected in a water circuit for cooling or heating gaseous fuel in a fuel system for a gas turbine plant is a gas/liquid separation apparatus which serves to separate gases contained in the water from the water, and to detect them. The container of the separation apparatus is split up by a partition into a water entry chamber and a water exit chamber. The incoming water flow is split up in the water entry chamber into an upward-flowing and a downward-flowing water flow. Located above the water is a gas-filled space into which gas bubbles disperse. The upward-flowing water flows over an overflow weir, and the downward-flowing water flows into the water exit chamber through openings in the lower region of the partition. The separation apparatus thus includes a calm, free water level in the water entry chamber, and an irrotational flow from the water exit chamber.

Abstract: In a process for preheating and deaerating make-up water in a power generation plant by steam, the required make-up water is initially heated up to the saturation temperature without substantial deaeration and is subsequently deaerated. The steam used for heating and deaerating is expanded steam from a condenser, which steam is almost fully condensed during the heating of the make-up water and is recycled to the steam circulation of the power generation plant.

Abstract: In a process for preheating and deaerating make-up water in a power generation plant by steam, the required make-up water is initially heated up to the saturation temperature without substantial deaeration and is subsequently deaerated. The steam used for heating and deaerating is expanded steam from a condenser, which steam is almost fully condensed during the heating of the make-up water and is recycled to the steam circulation of the power generation plant.

Abstract: A dephlegmation condenser for binary/polynary condensation of a vapor mixture is arranged upright. It has tubes (4) through which the coolant flows, an inlet connection (1) arranged in the top region of the coolant tubes and intended for the mixture to be condensed, and a collecting space (2) arranged below the coolant tubes (4) and intended for the condensate to be drawn off. The inlet connection (1) and the collecting space (2) are connected to one another via a condenser shell (3) encasing the tubes (4). The coolant is directed in pure counterflow to the mixture in the predominant part of the condensation space.The vapor-side, smooth temperature profile achieved is a consequence of the segregation during the condensation. A mixture which is enriched with the higher-boiling component of the mixture condenses at the start of the condensation section, whereas another mixture which is enriched with the lower-boiling component of the mixture condenses out at the end of the condensation section.

Abstract: A convective countercurrent heat exchanger comprises a nest of pipes (36) which is arranged in a cylindrical shell (35) and is equipped with ribbed pipes (37). The pipes through which a liquid flows are connected to a collector (33, 34). The shell is provided with a gas-inlet connection piece (31) and a gas-outlet connection piece (32). The nest of pipes (36), which is composed of a plurality of layered pipes, is mounted in a rectangular case (40). The pipes are provided in their straight parts (37) with welded-on ribs and are connected to one another by unribbed pipe bends (38). The pipe bends are accommodated in compartments (45) through which flow does not take place. The case (40) through which flow takes place opens on the outlet side (50) in a dome (51) which is delimited by the shell (35). The gas-outlet connection piece (32) is situated in the shell at that end of the annular chamber (44), enclosed by the shell and case, which is remote from the dome (51).

Abstract: In a boiling water reactor having two extraction systems, one in use and the other held as a backup, a method and apparatus for extracting condenser exhaust gases of the reactor include a preheater for heating condenser gases which are then used for heating a recombiner of the extraction system. Auxiliary steam from the turbine is directed to the preheater for heating the condenser gases. A bypass line bypasses a valve in the auxiliary steam pipeline from the turbine to the preheater. The operating extraction system receives heating steam through the auxiliary pipeline, while the backup extraction system has the valve in the auxiliary steam pipeline closed. The recombiner of the backup extraction system is kept heated by guiding steam through the bypass line to the preheater, where the steam expands and is thereby heated, and directing the expanded steam through a vent line to the recombiner.

Abstract: A steam condenser wherein the steam is precipitated on tubes (13), through which cooling water flows and which are gathered into separate bundles. Each bundle is divided into compartments by support plates, the support plates being arranged perpendicularly to the tubes. The tubes, which are arranged in rows and form a bundle, envelop a cavity (19), in which a cooler (3) is disposed for the non-condensible gases. The non-condensible gases flow from the cooler (3) via orifices (6) into a suction channel (4), which is common to all compartments and extends over the entire length of the tubes (13). There is only one cooler (3), to which the suction channel (4) is directly attached, and the passage areas of the orifices (6) in the compartments are dimensioned in such a manner that the local, non-condensible mass flow is withdrawn with the locally available pressure difference.

Abstract: Equipment for the three-stage preheating and degassing of make-up water by means of steam in a power generation installation comprises, in a first stage, a mixing chamber (3) which is located on the outside wall (2) of the condenser of the power generation installation and communicates with the condenser interior via a steam inlet (6) and steam outlet (8). In this mixing chamber, a plurality of water injection means (4) are arranged. A separation column (11) which is located upright underneath the mixing chamber (3) and which is fitted at its upper end with a water distributor (15), forms the second stage. A receiver (21), which is located underneath the separation column (11) and in which steam-dispersing means (22) are fitted and which is connected via a weir (23) to the condenser interior, forms the third stage.

Abstract: An apparatus for degassing and heating water by means of steam comprises a column (1) with packing bodies (2) arranged therein, with a distributor (12) arranged at the column head for the water to be degassed, with a water supply line (7) and steam supply line (8) in each case arranged upstream of the column, with a water outlet line (19) and venting line (18) in each case arranged downstream of the column for the gas/steam mixture to be exhausted. The four lines open into housings (3, 14) which are connected above and below the preferably cylindrical column to the latter. A conical mixing chamber (4) into which the water to be degassed is injected via nozzles (6) is provided upstream of the distributor. The conical mixing chamber has an outer boundary wall (5) which is surrounded by a steam distribution chamber (9) and communicates with the latter via slot-type openings (10) in the boundary wall.

Abstract: In a steam condenser erected on-floor, in which the steam is precipitated on pipes through which cooling water flows and which are combined into separate clusters (2), the pipes of a cluster, which are arranged in rows, enclosing a cavity (13), a cooler (14) for the non-condensable gases is arranged in the cavity. The component clusters (2) are aligned horizontally in their longitudinal extent and are arranged vertically above one another. The cooler (14) for the non-condensable gases has its suction effect directed towards a zone below the longitudinal center line of the individual cluster.