Abstract: A method for producing thermosetting phenolic resins includes the step of reacting a polycondensable phenolic compound with 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) under conditions leading to the formation of polycondensation products. The HMF includes at least one HMF oligomer, and the reaction step is carried out at pH values greater than 7 for more than 60 minutes. Further, thermosetting phenolic resins may be used for producing a wood composite material.

Abstract: Carbon-linked 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) oligomers contain at least one first HMF unit and one second HMF unit. The first and second HMF units are linked by a carbon-carbon bond with involvement of an aromatically bound carbon atom at position 3 or 4 of the furan ring of the first HMF unit. The HMF oligomers may be used as reactive carbonyl compounds in the manufacture of thermally curable resins on the basis of phenolic compounds and/or aminoplastic forming agents as well as in the manufacture of wood composite products.

Abstract: Carbon-linked 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) oligomers contain at least one first HMF unit and one second HMF unit. The first and second HMF units are linked by a carbon-carbon bond with involvement of an aromatically bound carbon atom at position 3 or 4 of the furan ring of the first HMF unit. The HMF oligomers may be used as reactive carbonyl compounds in the manufacture of thermally curable resins on the basis of phenolic compounds and/or aminoplastic forming agents as well as in the manufacture of wood composite products.

Abstract: Processes for the manufacture of thermally curable resins contain the step of the reaction of a polycondensation-capable phenolic compound and/or of an aminoplastic forming agent with 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) under conditions leading to formation of polycondensation products. The HMF includes at least one HMF oligomer. Further, thermally curable resins produced by such processes may be used for the manufacture of a wood composite material.

Abstract: A method for producing thermosetting phenolic resins includes the step of reacting a polycondensable phenolic compound with 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) under conditions leading to the formation of polycondensation products. The HMF includes at least one HMF oligomer, and the reaction step is carried out at pH values greater than 7 for more than 60 minutes. Further, thermosetting phenolic resins may be used for producing a wood composite material.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of wood composite materials includes the steps of: preparation of a thermally curable resin by reacting a polycondensation-capable phenolic compound and/or an amino plastic forming agent with 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) under conditions leading to the formation of polycondensation products, bringing the resin into contact with lignocellulose-containing material, and curing the resin with formation of the wood composite material. The 5-hydroxymethylfurfural includes at least one HMF oligomer. Further, wood composite materials are obtainable by the process.

Abstract: Known phosphorus recovery methods from liquid phases proceed from the presence of ammonia or nitrate, and phosphate, in the liquid phase. Wastewater that is supposed to be freed of nitrate and phosphate pollution in sewage treatment facilities can be used as the liquid phase. In electrochemical methods, a magnesium electrode is used as a sacrificial anode, and ammonium and phosphate together are bound to the magnesium to form struvite, which in turn can be used in agriculture as a fertilizer, in useful manner. In an alternative method of procedure, first, only phosphates are removed from a liquid phase that occurs from the filtration of products of hydrothermal carbonization. A magnesium electrode is used as the cathode, so that the resulting magnesium phosphate does not go into solution and first must be precipitated, but rather is removed from the electrolysis cell directly with the cathode, after the reaction occurs.

Abstract: Known methods for hydrothermal carbonization are very time intensive, as the carbonization reaction only proceeds gradually in the biomass used therefor. This is because of the different reaction conditions prevailing in different parts of the biomass. These also cause an inhomogeneous reaction product. To accelerate the method and to improve the result, the biomass is swirled inside the available reaction space with the aid of blower nozzles, which blow in the steam at a high speed so that the biomass is swirled. This ensures that the carbonization reaction can proceed uniformly and promptly after the biomass is introduced.

Abstract: Within the scope of hydrothermal carbonization of biomass, not only the main product, coal, but also the platform chemical 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, as well as furfural and levulinic acid, are formed. These are extracted from the process water of the carbonization reaction. However, in this connection, the problem exists that humic substances deposit on the container walls of the extraction column and can only be removed again by means of great cleaning effort. Furthermore, oligomers clearly worsen the purity of the product. This problem is solved by a filtration cascade through which the process water passes before extraction. In this connection, first the impurities mentioned are removed in a first filtration stage, and the remaining products and educts are separated from one another in a second filtration stage. Only the products are passed to extraction.

Abstract: Within the scope of hydrothermal carbonization of biomass, not only the main product, coal, but also the platform chemical 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, as well as furfural and levulinic acid, are formed. These are extracted from the process water of the carbonization reaction. However, in this connection, the problem exists that humic substances deposit on the container walls of the extraction column and can only be removed again by means of great cleaning effort. Furthermore, oligomers clearly worsen the purity of the product. This problem is solved by a filtration cascade through which the process water passes before extraction. In this connection, first the impurities mentioned are removed in a first filtration stage, and the remaining products and educts are separated from one another in a second filtration stage. Only the products are passed to extraction.

Abstract: Known methods for hydrothermal carbonization are very time-intensive, as the carbonization reaction only proceeds gradually in the biomass used therefore. This is because of the different reaction conditions prevailing in different parts of the biomass. These also cause an inhomogeneous reaction product. The object of the invention is both to accelerate the method and to improve the result. This is achieved by swirling the biomass inside the available reaction space with the aid of blower nozzles, which blow in the steam at a high speed so that the biomass is swirled. This ensures that the carbonization reaction can proceed uniformly and promptly after the biomass is introduced.

Abstract: Known methods for hydrothermal carbonization are very time intensive, as the carbonization reaction only proceeds gradually in the biomass used therefor. This is because of the different reaction conditions prevailing in different parts of the biomass. These also cause an inhomogeneous reaction product. To accelerate the method and to improve the result, the biomass is swirled inside the available reaction space with the aid of blower nozzles, which blow in the steam at a high speed so that the biomass is swirled. This ensures that the carbonization reaction can proceed uniformly and promptly after the biomass is introduced.

Abstract: Known phosphorus recovery methods from liquid phases proceed from the presence of ammonia or nitrate, and phosphate, in the liquid phase. Wastewater that is supposed to be freed of nitrate and phosphate pollution in sewage treatment facilities can be used as the liquid phase. In electrochemical methods, a magnesium electrode is used as a sacrificial anode, and ammonium and phosphate together are bound to the magnesium to form struvite, which in turn can be used in agriculture as a fertilizer, in useful manner. In an alternative method of procedure, first, only phosphates are removed from a liquid phase that occurs from the filtration of products of hydrothermal carbonization. A magnesium electrode is used as the cathode, so that the resulting magnesium phosphate does not go into solution and first must be precipitated, but rather is removed from the electrolysis cell directly with the cathode, after the reaction occurs.