Abstract: In exercise apparatus for underwater use including an apparatus frame, and movable members mounted on the frame to be moved by a user of the apparatus, flap members, e.g., flat plates, are mounted on the movable members for movement therewith within the surrounding water. The water resists movement of the flap means, hence provides resistance to movement of the members moved by the user. Disclosed are apparatus which, in use, simulate the movements of a cross-country skier, an ice-skating speed racer, and a rower of a row boat. Arrangements are also disclosed for selectively varying the resistance to movement provided by the flap members in response to the direction of movement of the movable members.

Abstract: Underwater exercise apparatus includes at least one paddle, which is coupled to an axle causing the paddle to rotate in response to rotation of the axle. When under water, the paddle produces resistance to the rotation of the axle. In a preferred embodiment, the paddle may be made part of a treadmill for underwater use for varying the resistance to movement of the treadmill belt. In a treadmill embodying the invention, the axle of one of the rollers supporting the belt, which roller is tightly coupled to the belt, extends beyond the side edge of the belt. Directly connected to the extending end of the axle, for rotation therewith, is a paddle. In use, movement of the belt causes rotation of the paddle through the water. The water resists the movement of the paddle which, in turn, resists movement of the belt. The amount of resistance to belt movement is a function of the speed of movement of the belt and the size of the paddle which is designed to be readily changed as desired.

Abstract: In exercise apparatus for underwater use including an apparatus frame, and movable members mounted on the frame to be moved by a user of the apparatus, flap members, e.g., flat plates, are mounted on the movable members for movement therewith within the surrounding water. The water resists movement of the flap members, hence provides resistance to movement of the members moved by the user. Disclosed are apparatus which, in use, simulate the movements of a cross-country skier, an ice-skating speed racer, and a rower of a row boat. Stop are also disclosed for selectively varying the resistance to movement provided by the flap members in response to the direction of movement of the movable members.