Abstract: The subject of the present invention relates to a method and a protector for reducing degradation of fuel cell systems at transitions in operation, in particular at electrodes or catalysts in a combustion chamber of a stack of a PEM fuel cell system in startup and shutoff events of the fuel cell system. A switchable material delivery device is provided for varying a delivery of material to the fuel cell system, so that a transition from a first state of the fuel cell system to a second state of the fuel cell system can be initiated, such that a potential difference between different electrodes can be effected. At least one reducing mechanism is provided for reducing the potential difference between the different electrodes during the transition, in which the reducing mechanism includes at least one compensating device for an unequal gas distribution by reducing the proportions causing degradation, to reduce degradation.

Abstract: An electrochemical energy store, including at least one electrochemical cell as well as at least one latent heat storage unit, which includes at least one phase change material. The at least one electrochemical cell is a lithium ion accumulator. The exemplary embodiments and/or exemplary methods of the present invention also includes the use of the electrochemical energy store in an electric vehicle or a hybrid vehicle. Furthermore, the exemplary embodiments and/or exemplary methods of the present invention relates to a method for temperature regulation of an electrochemical energy store.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell for extraction of electrical energy is described, which includes a first gas chamber provided with a first gas feeder for a first gas, in which chamber a first electrode is positioned. The cell includes a second gas chamber provided with a further gas feeder for a second gas, in which chamber a second electrode is positioned. The first and second gas chambers are in ion-conducting contact via a diaphragm, and the first and second electrodes form an anode and cathode, respectively, of the electrochemical cell. The first electrode functioning as an anode, the diaphragm, the first gas chamber, and/or the first gas feeder contain an oxygen-storing material.

Abstract: Organosilanes are prepared efficiently by hydrosilylation of an alkene in the presence of iridium compounds as catalysts and an inorganic, metal organic, or organic oxidant as cocatalyst. side reactions and catalyst deactivation are thereby minimized.

Abstract: Compounds containing unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds are hydrosilylated with H-silanes or H-siloxanes in the presence of a noble metal catalyst, wherein the water content of the reaction mixture is less than 500 ppm and the noble metal catalyst is supplied as a liquid, and is present in an amount of not more than 50 ppm.

Abstract: A fuel cell cooling device has a cooling loop for circulating a coolant fluid. At least during the operation of the fuel cell, an ion extraction medium that is in the liquid state is provided. A method for cleaning a coolant with a corresponding fuel cell cooling device is provided as well.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for preparing linear organopolysiloxanes (P) having diorganosiloxy units and Si—H groups, in which, in a first step, diorganodichlorosilanes (A) and monochlorosilanes (B) and optionally dichlorosilanes (C), at least one of the monochlorosilanes (B) or dichlorosilanes (C) containing Si—H groups, are reacted with at most 0.5 mol of water per mole of hydrolyzable chlorine to give a partial hydrolyzate (T) and gaseous hydrogen chloride, and, in a second step, the SiCl groups still present in the partial hydrolyzate (T) are removed by treating with water to form hydrochloric acid, and a hydrolyzate (H) containing the organopolysiloxanes (P) is obtained.

Abstract: A graphing template includes a substantially square shaped, rigid piece of planar material. The planar material includes two elongated openings extending through the planar material and intersecting to form an origin and define four quadrants. The elongated openings are sufficiently large to accommodate a tip of a writing instrument such that a two dimensional graph may be generated by depositing the template onto a writing surface and thereafter inserting the tip of the writing instrument into the elongated openings and marking upon the writing surface to form an “x” axis and a “y” axis. The planar material includes an array of circularly-shaped holes located equidistance from one another in each quadrant and extending through the planar material. These circularly-shaped holes are arranged in equidistance rows and columns and are positioned in groups in the four quadrants.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for catalyzed preparation of amino-functional siloxanes are prepared by a catalyzed process in which organosiloxanes of the general formula (SiO4/2)k(R1SiO3/2)m(R12SiO2/2)p(R13SiO1/2)q[O1/2H] ??(II) are reacted with cyclic silazanes of the general formula in the presence of Bronsted acids.

Abstract: The invention provides a multistep process for preparing a low-sulfur reformate gas for use in a fuel cell system. The process comprises catalytic steam reforming of a reactant gas mixture comprising sulfur-containing hydrocarbons and steam in a first step to make a reformate, reducing the carbon monoxide content of the reformate in a second step, passing the reformate over a sulfur absorber either directly after the first step or after passage through the second step, and desorbing the sulfur components optionally absorbed on the catalysts in the reforming and reducing process steps by periodically raising the temperature so as to cause the sulfer components to pass to the absorber, wherein the temperature of the absorber during operation of the process is always kept within a temperature interval which is an optimum for the absorber.

Abstract: The invention relates to a catalyst and a process for the autothermal, catalytic steam reforming of hydrocarbons using the catalyst. The catalyst has a multilayer structure and comprises a lower catalyst layer located directly on a support body and an upper catalyst layer located on the lower catalyst layer, with the lower catalyst layer preferentially catalysing the partial oxidation and the upper catalyst layer preferentially catalysing steam reforming. In a further embodiment, a three-layer catalyst having a further catalyst layer for the carbon monoxide conversion (water gas shift reaction) is described. Each catalyst layer comprises at least one platinum group metal on an oxidic support material. The steam reforming process is carried out in an adiabatic process by passing a feed mixture of hydrocarbons, oxygen and water or water vapour which has been heated to a preheating temperature over the multilayer catalyst.

Abstract: Continuous hydrosilylation of compounds (A) bearing C—C multiple bonds by means of silicon compounds (B) having Si—H groups, in which the reaction components (A) and (B) are reacted continuously in an integrated loop-tube reactor, with reaction mixture being conveyed from the tube into the loop and back again so that a section of the tube is part of the loop circuit, provides a highly controllable reaction process with high product yields.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process and an apparatus for producing hydrogen-containing fuel gases for fuel cells by catalytic reforming of hydrocarbons and subsequent gas purification. The process is characterized in that the catalytic reforming comprises two successive stages of which the first stage comprises autothermal reforming and the second stage comprises low-temperature steam reforming at temperatures below 650° C. In the first stage (autothermal reforming, ATR stage), a feed mixture of hydrocarbons, oxygen and water or water vapour is reacted over a catalyst in an autothermal reforming reaction to convert it incompletely into a hydrogen-rich gas mixture. The mixture which still contains residual amounts of hydrocarbons is then reacted in a subsequent steam reforming stage (second stage, SR stage) to give a hydrogen-rich fuel gas. A fuel gas which has a temperature at the reactor outlet of 400-650° C. and contains a very high proportion of hydrogen is obtained.

Abstract: A process for autothermal catalytic steam reforming of hydrocarbons by passing a reactant mixture of hydrocarbons, oxygen and water or water vapor, heated to a preheating temperature, over a catalyst. The process is operated adiabatically and the catalyst has a coating of a catalyst material on a support structure, the catalyst material containing at least one platinum group metal on an oxidic support material which can be aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide or mixed oxides thereof and zeolites.

Abstract: Continuous hydrosilylation of compounds (A) bearing C—C multiple bonds by means of silicon compounds (B) having Si—H groups, in which the reaction components (A) and (B) are reacted continuously in an integrated loop-tube reactor, with reaction mixture being conveyed from the tube into the loop and back again so that a section of the tube is part of the loop circuit, provides a highly controllable reaction process with high product yields.

Abstract: A fuel cell system has at least one fuel cell unit for generating electrical energy, a unit for storing or dispensing electrical energy, an electrical consumer for consuming electrical energy, a diagnostic unit for ascertaining a functional capability of the at least one fuel cell unit during a diagnosis phase, and a control unit for determining an electrical power generated at least during the diagnosis phase by the at least one fuel cell unit.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for preparing linear organopolysiloxanes (P) having diorganosiloxy units and Si—H groups, in which, in a first step, diorganodichlorosilanes (A) and monochlorosilanes (B) and optionally dichlorosilanes (C), at least one of the monochlorosilanes (B) or dichlorosilanes (C) containing Si—H groups, are reacted with at most 0.5 mol of water per mole of hydrolyzable chlorine to give a partial hydrolyzate (T) and gaseous hydrogen chloride, and, in a second step, the SiCl groups still present in the partial hydrolyzate (T) are removed by treating with water to form hydrochloric acid, and a hydrolyzate (H) containing the organopolysiloxanes (P) is obtained.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for catalytic autothermal steam reforming of alcohols having two or more carbon atoms by directing a preheated educt or reactant mixture of the alcohols, oxygen and water or steam over a catalyst. The process is conducted in an adiabatic manner wherein the catalyst comprises at least one platinum group metal on an oxidic support selected from the group consisting of aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide or mixed oxides thereof and zeolites, and that the educt or reactant mixture contains additional hydrocarbons, which are reformed at the same time as the alcohols.

Abstract: The invention provides a combined heat and power plant with an integrated gas production system. The combined heat and power plant contains a steam reformer heated with a gas burner which converts a mixture of hydrocarbons and water vapour into a reformate gas stream containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The plant further contains a reactor system with several stages for removing carbon monoxide from the reformate gas stream. The plant also contains a heat exchanger for removing heat energy from the reformate gas stream and a fuel cell unit for producing electrical energy by catalytic reaction of the hydrogen contained in the reformate gas with oxygen in the fuel cell, wherein the reformate gas stream is supplied to the anode in the fuel cell unit and the anode waste gas is taken to the gas burner of the steam reformer as fuel, via a gas pipe.

Abstract: A method for catalytic conversion of carbon monoxide with water to carbon dioxide and water in a hydrogen-containing gas mixture (carbon monoxide conversion) by passing the gas mixture over a shift catalyst that is at an operating temperature for the carbon monoxide conversion. The method is carried out with a shift catalyst based on noble metals that is applied to an inert support element in the form of a coating.