Abstract: A load cell detects wheel forces and/or moments at tire test stands in the laboratory and on mobile test vehicles based on the piezoelectric measurement principle. The load cell comprises a base plate and a cover plate facing the base plate as well as a plate-shaped quartz sensor, arranged between the plates in a laminar manner. The base plate and cover plate are designed in an elongated shape and include two or more of the plate-shaped quartz sensors there between. The plate-shaped quartz sensors are arranged in an array with respect to the longitudinal orientation of the plates and are preloaded by the plates.

Abstract: A load cell detects wheel forces and/or moments at tire test stands in the laboratory and on mobile test vehicles based on the piezoelectric measurement principle. The load cell comprises a base plate and a cover plate facing the base plate as well as a plate-shaped quartz sensor, arranged between the plates in a laminar manner. The base plate and cover plate are designed in an elongated shape and include two or more of the plate-shaped quartz sensors there between. The plate-shaped quartz sensors are arranged in an array with respect to the longitudinal orientation of the plates and are preloaded by the plates.

Abstract: Flat items (2) which have an irregular and/or changeable thickness profile are individualized from a substantially lying stack (3/5), wherein the stack serves as buffer between the individualization and the supply of the items (2) and wherein the items (2) arranged in the stack are guided in a stack channel (1) towards the individualization. In order to allow individualization speeds in the range of several tens of thousands of items per hour, the items (2) are supplied to a pre-stack (3) in which the items are conveyed towards individualization in a loose order and being individually laterally guided, the pre-stack (3) is transformed into an individualizing stack (5) and the items are individualized only from the individualizing stack (5). In the individualizing stack (5) the items (2) are guided and conveyed and held in a stable order as a stack, i.e. with forces transmitted via the items.