Abstract: A current mirror circuit having formed in a semiconductor: a pair of transistors arranged to produce an output current through an output one of the transistors proportional to a reference current fed to an input one of the pair of transistors; a resistor comprising a pair of spaced electrodes in ohmic contact with the semiconductor, one of such pair of electrodes of the resistor being coupled to the input one of the pair of transistors; and circuitry for producing a voltage across the pair of electrodes of the resistor, such circuitry placing the resistor into saturation producing current through a region in the semiconductor between the pair of spaced ohmic contacts, such produced current being fed to the input one of the transistors as the reference current for the current mirror.

Abstract: A current mirror circuit having formed in a semiconductor: a pair of transistors arranged to produce an output current through an output one of the transistors proportional to a reference current fed to an input one of the pair of transistors; a resistor comprising a pair of spaced electrodes in ohmic contact with the semiconductor, one of such pair of electrodes of the resistor being coupled to the input one of the pair of transistors; and circuitry for producing a voltage across the pair of electrodes of the resistor, such circuitry placing the resistor into saturation producing current through a region in the semiconductor between the pair of spaced ohmic contacts, such produced current being fed to the input one of the transistors as the reference current for the current mirror.

Abstract: The automated method of the present invention provides an efficient arrangement for setting certain financial transactions using a debit point of sale transaction network, as opposed to routing over a credit network. The method and arrangement uses an onsite database of bank identification numbers to conduct a preliminary assessment of whether a particular card is debit capable, and appropriately processes the transaction information based on the preliminary assessment. The system preferably is also updated when a financial transaction is successfully completed as a debit transaction which the database did not initially identify as being debit capable. In this way, the database is continuously updated and over time, a more accurate database is achieved. The system can also be networked, such that information between databases is shard and improved, based on the network experience.