Abstract: The disclosure includes recruiting systems having a job definitions database (the definitions having subject-level job criteria and offerings), a workforce-profile database of individual profiles (the profiles having subject-level individual qualifications and individual preferences), an information manager, and a communications port for access to the system. The information manager interacts with the job definitions database, the workforce-profile database and the communications port to permit bi-directional subject-level matching between the job definitions database and the workforce-profile database and to permit information and queries to pass through the communications port. The disclosure also includes methods of matching individuals with job definitions that use systems and apparatus of the type described above.