Abstract: A plasma confinement apparatus having a vacuum tight container configured to maintain the pressure of confined plasma; an arrangement of magnet coils inside the vacuum container that define a quasi-spherical polyhedral surface; an arrangement of energetic particle beam injectors mounted inside the vacuum container and outside the magnet coils; an arrangement of energy converters configured to recover net energy produced by fusion reactions within the confined plasma; wherein, a region of quasi-spherical, low-magnetic field intensity is formed inside the arrangement of magnet coils that is configured to confine an plasma within the quasi-spherical polyhedral surface. The arrangement of magnet coils facilitates classical, magnetic confinement of plasma particles for both neutronic and aneutronic reactions, in a scalable, quasi-spherical polyhedral geometry.

Abstract: An interferometer having a fundamental beam generator, a first second harmonic generator, a waveplate, a second second harmonic generator, a harmonic separator, and a polarizing beam splitter, mounted uniaxially, (i.e., the components are aligned along one optical axis), wherein the interferometer is adapted to change a diameter of a beam to match a diameter of a sample, and to change the diameter of the beam back to its original diameter.

Abstract: An interferometer having a fundamental beam generator, a first second harmonic generator, a waveplate, a second second harmonic generator, a harmonic separator, and a polarizing beam splitter, mounted uniaxially, (i.e., the components are aligned along one optical axis), wherein the interferometer is adapted to change a diameter of a beam to match a diameter of a sample, and to change the diameter of the beam back to its original diameter.

Abstract: An interferometer having a fundamental beam generator, a first second harmonic generator, a waveplate, a second second harmonic generator, a harmonic separator, and a polarizing beam splitter, mounted uniaxially, (i.e., the components are aligned along one optical axis), wherein the interferometer is adapted to change a diameter of a beam to match a diameter of a sample, and to change the diameter of the beam back to its original diameter.