Abstract: The invention relates to a method, in which siliceous biomass is modified in the spectrum of the existing non-silicon metals and these non-silicon metals are fixed onto the siliceous skeleton of the plant by burning. The ashes produced can be used as auxiliary agents for heterogeneous catalysis in the chemical industry and as loading materials for plastics, elastomers, pigments, paints and sizing materials.

Abstract: The invention relates to the hydrolytic breakdown of plant biomasses via hydrohalic acids, preferably so-called hydrochloric acid. Ligneous biomasses were preferably hydrolyzed in the past because other types of biomasses, for instance straw, are only able to be filled into the reactors with a very low density and they tend towards compacting in the course of the process. The invention solves this problem with two modifications. First of all, pelletizable biomasses are completely or partially loaded in the form of pellets and a heavily increasing filling density is achieved because of that. Secondly, the hydrolysis reactors are tilted, preferably arranged between 30° and 60°, and compacting is prevented. The economic effectiveness of both modifications is to be determined in practical tests for every pelletizable biomass. It is possible that one of the two modifications can be omitted.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device with the aid of which hydrogen halide and water are removed from biomass hydrolyzates containing halogen acid. The core of the invention is an evacuated container (B1), which is continuously supplied with a heat-transfer medium and which is completely filled with the heat-transfer medium in a part. In said evaporation chamber, the biomass hydrolyzate is likewise continuously introduced. In the container (B1), heat is transferred from the heat-transfer medium to the hydrolyzate, wherein hydrogen halide and water are continuously evaporated. The remaining hydrolyzate particles are continuously discharged with the cooled heat-transfer medium and continuously removed by means of the heat-transfer medium and continuously separated from said heat-transfer medium. The invention described can also be used to treat other mixtures or solutions for the purpose of evaporation.

Abstract: The invention relates to the hydrolytic breakdown of plant biomasses via hydrohalic acids, preferably so-called hydrochloric acid. Ligneous biomasses were preferably hydrolyzed in the past because other types of biomasses, for instance straw, are only able to be filled into the reactors with a very low density and they tend towards compacting in the course of the process. The invention solves this problem with two modifications. First of all, pelletizable biomasses are completely or partially loaded in the form of pellets and a heavily increasing filling density is achieved because of that. Secondly, the hydrolysis reactors are tilted, preferably arranged between 30° and 60°, and compacting is prevented. The economic effectiveness of both modifications is to be determined in practical tests for every pelletizable biomass. It is possible that one of the two modifications can be omitted.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device with the aid of which hydrogen halide and water are removed from biomass hydrolyzates containing halogen acid. The core of the invention is an evacuated container (B1), which is continuously supplied with a heat-transfer medium and which is completely filled with the heat-transfer medium in a part. In said evaporation chamber, the biomass hydrolyzate is likewise continuously introduced. In the container (B1), heat is transferred from the heat-transfer medium to the hydrolyzate, wherein hydrogen halide and water are continuously evaporated. The remaining hydrolyzate particles are continuously discharged with the cooled heat-transfer medium and continuously removed by means of the heat-transfer medium and continuously separated from said heat-transfer medium. The invention described can also be used to treat other mixtures or solutions for the purpose of evaporation.

Abstract: A process for removing hydrogen halide and water from hydrolyzates obtained by way of halogen-acid hydrolysis from vegetable biomasses. Two containers are connected to each other via a tube. Two flows are fed in at the inlet of the first container, one representing the hydrolyzates and the other a heat transfer medium; both flows are sprayed together in the first container, producing a homogeneous mixing of the two flows, including heat transfer, which subsequently results in complete evaporation of water and the hydrogen halide dissolved in the hydrolyzates. The evaporation produces a mixture of granular solid bodies and heat transfer medium droplets that is pulled from the first container into the second container through the connecting tube via a pressure gradient. The second container is configured as a cyclone or centrifugal force precipitator, and there is a separation of liquid and solid constituents from the gas.

Abstract: An apparatus for removing hydrogen halide and water from hydrolysates that were obtained by way of halogen-acid hydrolysis from vegetable biomasses, characterized in that: —said apparatus comprises two containers, which are connected to each other by a tube, —at the inlet of the first container two flows are fed, one representing the hydrolysates and the other a heat transfer medium, which dissolves in the hydrolysate only to an economically justifiable extent (no additional process steps due to potential contamination during mixing), or enriches matter therefrom, —both flows are sprayed together in the first container, thereby producing a homogeneous mixing of the two flows, including heat transfer, which subsequently results in complete evaporation of water and the hydrogen halide dissolved in the hydrolysates, —the evaporation produces a mixture of granular solid bodies and heat transfer medium droplets, which is pulled from the first container into the second container via the connecting tube by way of a

Abstract: A method for determining a linear relationship in a set of measured data is provided. A set of measured values for at least two measured variables from the set of measured data is selected, and a respective measurement uncertainty interval is assigned to each of the selected set of measured values. A set of hypothetical linear relationships is formed based at least in part on the selected set of measured values. Partial probabilities for the set of hypothetical linear relationships are determined and assigned to the set of hypothetical linear relationships. A total probability is determined for at least a portion of the hypothetical linear relationships by summing the partial probabilities associated with the portion of the hypothetical linear relationships, and a rank of the set of hypothetical linear relationships is determined as a function of the total probabilities determined for the portion of the set of hypothetical linear relationships.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining a linear relationship in a set of measured data that can be stored electronically, it being possible for the linear relationship to be represented graphically by means of a straight line and the measured data in each case comprising a measured value assigned to a measured variable, the method having the following steps: selecting a set of measured values for at least two measured variables from the set of measured data that can be stored electronically; assigning a respective measurement uncertainty interval to the selected measured values; forming a set of hypothetical linear relationships by means of the set of selected measured values; determining partial probabilities for the set of hypothetical linear relationships and assigning the partial probabilities determined to the hypothetical linear relationships, a partial probability being determined and assigned for one of the measured values for one of the hypothetical linear relationships if the measurement