Abstract: A method is disclosed for drying and passivating wet coals, for example bituminous, subbituminous or lignite. The wet coal is introduced into a heating zone at a controlled rate, then is contacted with a heavy hydrocarbonaceous treatment material having a softening point of at least 60.degree. C. The particles and treatment material are simultaneously intimately mixed and are heated to a temperature of at least 200.degree. C. but below the coal decomposition temperature while being moved along the heating zone in a plug flow manner. The particles are then cooled in a cooling zone.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for converting a heavy hydrocarbon oil feedstock to produce a high yield of lower-boiling hydrocarbons, wherein a residuum fraction of the effluent from a hydrogen donor diluent hydrocracking reactor is deasphalted using a low-boiling solvent and at least the highest-boiling fraction of the deasphalted oil is recycled to the hydrogen diluent hydrocracking zone.

Abstract: An integrated upgrading process is disclosed which can be used to lower the specific gravity, viscosity and boiling range of heavy, viscous hydrocarbonaceous oil by means of fractionally distilling the oil, treating its residuum with a hydrogen donor material under hydrocracking conditions, fractionally distilling the effluent from the hydrocracking zone and rehydrogenating that portion boiling from about 180.degree. C. to 350.degree. C. for recycling to the hydrocracking zone. The liquid portion of the oil not recycled can be recombined into a reconstituted crude suitable for transporting by normal crude pipelines.

Abstract: Deposit of solids on the walls of tubular continuous flow reactors is avoided by a process and apparatus in which an oscillating motion is superimposed on the linear flow of reactants in order to maintain turbulent flow throughout.