Abstract: Epilepsy and other neurological disorders that are affected by the electrical potential difference between intracellular fluid and extra-cellular fluid and therefore the cell membrane potentials, and therefore the thresholds for the communication between brain cells can be controlled by re-circulating extra-cellular brain fluid after the fluid has been treated to alter its ion concentrations. A computer-controlled pump can precisely control the extraction and delivery of brain fluid after the ion concentration of the fluid is appropriately adjusted, e.g. guided by the Goldmann equation. Well-known techniques for modifying ion concentrations can be used to raise or lower ion concentrations as needed.

Abstract: Epilepsy and other neurological disorders that are affected by the electrical potential difference between intracellular fluid and extra-cellular fluid and therefore the cell membrane potentials, and therefore the thresholds for the communication between brain cells can be controlled by re-circulating extra-cellular brain fluid after the fluid has been treated to alter its ion concentrations. A computer-controlled pump can precisely control the extraction and delivery of brain fluid after the ion concentration of the fluid is appropriately adjusted, e.g. guided by the Goldmann equation. Well-known techniques for modifying ion concentrations can be used to raise or lower ion concentrations as needed.

Abstract: A lead for brain stimulation comprising a macro segment having a macro electrode for test stimulation and subsequent chronic stimulation, and a micro segment having a micro electrode for single cell recording is described. Methods for using the lead to stimulate brain tissue and to identify functional boundaries within brain tissue are also provided.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for anchoring a cranial lead or catheter member within a cranial burr hole in a patient, utilizing a feed-through subassembly which permits a lead to be eccentrically positioned with respect to the center of the burr hole, enabling fixation of the lead to the skull while the lead is maintained stereotactically rigid. The feed-through, or anchoring assembly comprises a burr hole element which is positioned within the burr hole, having a radial slit which extends axially through the piece and has a groove for receiving and containing an O-ring, which O-ring is adjustably positioned radially along the slit in accordance with the target position. The O-ring is made of a compressive material, and has a center orifice which closely receives the lead.

Abstract: A prosthetic lamina that replaces a portion of the lamina bone structure. The prosthetic lamina may be configured to deliver a variety of medical therapies, such as electrodes for electrical stimulation, fluid channels for delivering drugs, catheters for dispensing drugs and various systems for healing bone tissue.

Abstract: A self-centering epidural lead is configured to center itself in an optimal location in respect of the midline of the spinal cord for stimulation of the cord. A method for using the lead in spinal cord stimulation is also described. The self-centering epidural lead includes a front side configured to face the spinal cord and a back side to which a pivot member or other self-centering device is operably attached. The pivot member or other self-centering device stabilizes the lead in an optimal position adjacent the spinal cord and aids in preventing spatial migration of the lead.

Abstract: A lead for brain stimulation comprising a macro segment having a macro electrode for test stimulation and subsequent chronic stimulation, and a micro segment having a micro electrode for single cell recording is described. Methods for using the lead to stimulate brain tissue and to identify functional boundaries within brain tissue are also provided.

Abstract: A lead for brain stimulation comprising a macro segment having a macro electrode for test stimulation and subsequent chronic stimulation, and a micro segment having a micro electrode for single cell recording is described. Methods for using the lead to stimulate brain tissue and to identify functional boundaries within brain tissue are also provided.

Abstract: A lead for brain stimulation comprising a macro segment having a macro electrode for test stimulation and subsequent chronic stimulation, and a micro segment having a micro electrode for single cell recording is described. Methods for using the lead to stimulate brain tissue and to identify functional boundaries within brain tissue are also provided.

Abstract: There is provided apparatus and a method for testing to optimally place a deep brain lead, particularly for stimulating the GPi or other deep brain target to treat neurological disorders such as Parkinson's Disease and the like. The invention embraces determining the location of a feedback target such as the motor cortex, the location of the deep brain target, and inserting a test lead along a substantially linear trajectory so as to be able to stimulate both concurrently. The test lead has an electrode at about its distal end for stimulation of the deep brain target, and an electrode adjustably positioned 3-8 cm proximal for stimulation of the motor cortex. When stimulation is applied concurrently through both electrodes, the affected body portion, e.g., limb, can be made to move when and if the deep brain electrode is optimally positioned. The position can be checked during surgical implant of the system, and the lead position adjusted until the optimum position is found.

Abstract: A prosthetic lamina that replaces a portion of the lamina bone structure is described. The prosthetic lamina may be configured with means for delivering a variety of medical treatments, such as electrodes for electrical stimulation, fluid channels, catheters for dispensing drugs and means for healing bone tissue.

Abstract: There is provided apparatus and a method for testing to optimally place a deep brain lead, particularly for stimulating the GPi or other deep brain target to treat neurological disorders such as Parkinson's Disease and the like. The invention embraces determining the location of a feedback target such as the motor cortex, the location of the deep brain target, and inserting a test lead along a substantially linear trajectory so as to be able to stimulate both concurrently. The test lead has an electrode at about its distal end for stimulation of the deep brain target, and an electrode adjustably positioned 3-8 cm proximal for stimulation of the motor cortex. When stimulation is applied concurrently through both electrodes, the affected body portion, e.g., limb, can be made to move when and if the deep brain electrode is optimally positioned. The position can be checked during surgical implant of the system, and the lead position adjusted until the optimum position is found.

Abstract: A prosthetic lamina that replaces a portion of the lamina bone structure is described. The prosthetic lamina may be configured with means for delivering a variety of medical treatments, such as electrodes for electrical stimulation, fluid channels, catheters for dispensing drugs and means for healing bone tissue.

Abstract: A lead for brain target localization in functional stereotactic brain surgery, the lead having at its distal end a micro-electrode for use in recording single cell discharge patterns so as to identify functional boundaries between brain structures; and a macro-electrode for delivering test stimulation for determining target location for optimal therapeutic benefit and minimum side effects. The macro-test stimulation electrode is carried at the end of the lead length, and has a conventional surface area in the range of 1-20 mm.sup.2 for stimulating chronic stimulation conditions. The micro-electrode is positioned at the distal end of an axially aligned probe which extends distally from the macro-electrode, and has a surface area adapted to enable a single cell recording; e.g., between 0.01 and 1000 .mu.m.sup.2. In an alternate embodiment, the tip micro-electrode is retractable so that the lead can be used for chronic brain stimulation.