Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus (200) for processing incoming and/or outgoing data-elements (11) cyclically, the data-elements (11) representing numerical and/or logical values that are linked to an upper-layer application.

Abstract: Exemplary methods are directed to insulation monitoring of non-grounded electrical DC power supply systems and AC power supply systems which have a resistive (Rf) and capacitive (Cf) insulation impedance between the power supply system and ground. The method includes applying a pulsed AC voltage (U0) having alternately different pulsed voltage values to the power supply system to be monitored via a resistive system interface (Ri) between the power supply system and ground. The insulation impedance (Rf) between the power supply system and ground is determined using time profiles of transient processes of the measurement voltage (Vm) prior to transient recovery of the power supply system to the respective pulsed voltage value (U0) of two polarity-inverted pulsed voltage value application processes.

Abstract: Exemplary methods are directed to insulation monitoring of non-grounded electrical DC power supply systems and AC power supply systems which have a resistive (Rf) and capacitive (Cf) insulation impedance between the power supply system and ground. The method includes applying a pulsed AC voltage (U0) having alternately different pulsed voltage values to the power supply system to be monitored via a resistive system interface (Ri) between the power supply system and ground. The insulation impedance (Rf) between the power supply system and ground is determined using time profiles of transient processes of the measurement voltage (Vm) prior to transient recovery of the power supply system to the respective pulsed voltage value (U0) of two polarity-inverted pulsed voltage value application processes.

Abstract: A method for non-contact measurement of multiple shaft parameters is provided. The method includes magnetically encoding multiple sections of the shaft using pulsed currents. The method also includes sensing a magnetic field of the encoded sections of the shaft using multiple sensors arranged circumferentially about the shaft. Further, the method includes generating a spectrum of periodical variations based on sensed magnetic field of the encoded sections of the shaft during rotation and determining multiple parameters based on recurrences of patterns of the spectra.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a circuit for carrier control in a quadrature demodulator, wherein a complex-value input signal (I, Q) is supplied to a mixer (1) to perform mixing with a mixing frequency (fm) to create a mixed signal (Ir, Qr), the mixed signal (Ir, Qr) is supplied to a processing section (s) to generate a processed signal (Ie, Qe), the processed signal (Ie, Qe) is supplied to phase measurement device (3) in order to measure a phase (?m) of the processed signal (Ie, Qe) and the measured phase (?m) is supplied to a phase controller (4) in order to control the mixing frequency (fm); wherein an idle time (z?d) is created at least during the processing in the processing section (2).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining the sampling instant of a clock signal (ti) for a circuit for determining symbols (Se) from a digitized signal (sd, S) which is coupled to at least one quadrature signal pair of a modulation method (QAM), wherein the digitized signal is converted to polar signal coordinates (R, ?) with a radial component (R).

Abstract: Direct shaft power measurements of rotating machinery, including a magnetic encoding system for the shaft, having at least one conducting member having a first end and a second end which is disposed proximate the shaft with a gap between the member and the shaft. There is a pair of electrodes proximate each end of said conducting member, wherein the electrodes are electrically coupled to the shaft. One of the electrodes is electrically coupled to the second end of the conductor member. An encoding source is electrically coupled to the first end of the conducting member and electrically coupled to the other electrode, wherein unipolar current pulses from said encoding source are applied to the electrodes and the conducting member, thereby creating sectional encoded polarized magnetic regions in the shaft.

Abstract: Direct shaft power measurements of rotating machinery, including a magnetic encoding system for the shaft, having at least one conducting member having a first end and a second end which is disposed proximate the shaft with a gap between the member and the shaft. There is a pair of electrodes proximate each end of said conducting member, wherein the electrodes are electrically coupled to the shaft. One of the electrodes is electrically coupled to the second end of the conductor member. An encoding source is electrically coupled to the first end of the conducting member and electrically coupled to the other electrode, wherein unipolar current pulses from said encoding source are applied to the electrodes and the conducting member, thereby creating sectional encoded polarized magnetic regions in the shaft.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining the sampling instant of a clock signal (ti) for a circuit for determining symbols (Se) from a digitized signal (sd, S) which is coupled to at least one quadrature signal pair of a modulation method (QAM), wherein the digitized signal is converted to polar signal coordinates (R, ?) with a radial component (R). In order to implement an optimization of the sampling instant independently of the frequency or phase offset of the carrier control on which the symbols depend, it is proposed that the rate-of-occurrence distribution of the signals over the radii, which are assigned to the modulation method within the complex plane, be considered at different sampling phases (?i, ?i2) as the quality value (G, G*), and that the better quality value be selected from among the multiple rate-of-occurrence determinations. The variation of the sampling phase assigned to this value is subsequently employed to correct the sampling clock signal (ti).

Abstract: A DC voltage transformer includes an oscillator, which can be controlled in terms of a characteristic such as its phase and/or frequency, and a modulation circuit that provides a periodic or random control signal to the oscillator. A power switch is connected in series with an inductance between two power supply potentials, the power switch being switched between open and closed states. A first smoothing capacitor is connected directly between the two power supply potentials, and a second smoothing capacitor is arranged in series with a Zener diode, with both the capacitor and diode being connected in parallel with the main terminals of the power switch. A modulated reference signal form the oscillator is connected to the control input of the power switch. The modulation of the reference signal can be of any type, for example a periodic modulation that is a periodic variation of the phase and/or the period of the reference signal made possible by for example a sine wave.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a circuit for carrier control in a quadrature modulator, wherein a complex-value input signal (I, Q) is supplied to a mixer (I) to perform mixing with a mixing frequency (fm) to create a mixed signal (Ir, Qr), the mixed signal (Ir, Qr) is supplied to a processing section (s) to generate a processed signal (Ie, Qe), the processed signal (Ie, Qe) is supplied to phase measurement device (3) in order to measure a phase (?m) of the processed signal (Ie, Qe) and the measured phase (?m) is supplied to a phase controller (4) in order to control the mixing frequency (fm); wherein an idle time (z?d) is created at least during the processing in the processing section (2).

Abstract: A DC voltage transformer includes an oscillator, which can be controlled in terms of a characteristic such as its phase and/or frequency, and a modulation circuit that provides a periodic or random control signal to the oscillator. A power switch is connected in series with an inductance between two power supply potentials, the power switch being switched between open and closed states. A first smoothing capacitor is connected directly between the two power supply potentials, and a second smoothing capacitor is arranged in series with a Zener diode, with both the capacitor and diode being connected in parallel with the main terminals of the power switch. A modulated reference signal form the oscillator is connected to the control input of the power switch. The modulation of the reference signal can be of any type, for example a periodic modulation that is a periodic variation of the phase and/or the period of the reference signal made possible by for example a sine wave.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method, and to a device for implementing the method, for managing resources in a computer system in which a plurality of resources is available to execute programs, wherein at least some of the resources are used temporarily or permanently by an executed program, said method comprising the steps of: a) requesting at least one of the resources for allocation to the program, c) saving the resource to be allocated for subsequent restoration of the resource, d) allocating the requested resource to the program, and e) usage of the allocated resource by the program. Resource management is advantageously improved by b) verifying the usage status of the allocated resource, and b1) either: if the resource to be allocated is not in use, proceeding with the allocation and use of the allocated resource (e), b2) or: if the resource to be allocated is in use, proceeding to save (c), and subsequently to allocate (d) and use (e), the allocated resource.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for encrypting or decrypting a sequence of successive data words in a data communications device, the method comprising executing an algorithm in which a sequence of quasi-random encryption words is generated from predetermined start values by performing operations in a finite group, and in which a respective one of the encryption words is combined with a respective one of the data words.

Abstract: A data converter device for a Reed-Solomon decoder receives a first data stream (d1) and a second data stream (d2). The first data stream (d1) is input to the Reed-Solomon decoder, whose decoding process is defined by a first primitive polynomial, either directly or via a first intermediate processing stage. The second data stream (d2) is conducted to a code converter, either directly or via a second intermediate processing stage. The code converter performs an isomorphic imaging process. After the Reed-Solomon decoder a second isomorphic imaging process of these converted data, inverse to the first one, is performed by a second code converter.

Abstract: A carrier control loop (1) for a receiver of digitally transmitted signals is disclosed comprising, in the direction of signal flow, a quadrature demodulator (3), a symbol recognition device (4), a detector (9) for forming a phase deviation value (&phgr;d) and/or a frequency deviation value (fd), a feedback device (10), and a variable-frequency oscillator (11) connected to the quadrature demodulator (3). An evaluating device (12) determines from signals (I, Q) of the carrier control loop (1) a reliability value (z) for the measured phase deviation value (&phgr;d) and/or frequency deviation value (fd), and controls the carrier control loop (1) in accordance with the determined reliability value.

Abstract: An asymmetric filter combination (F1, F2) for the transmission of a binary data stream (st) between a transmitter (T) and a receiver (R) is disclosed which includes a first filter (F1) at the transmitter end having an FIR structure and a second filter (F2) at the receiver end having an IIR structure, with the combination of the first and second filters (F1, F2) yielding a common transfer function which satisfies both the Nyquist criterion and the noise-matching criterion.

Abstract: A device for examining the smoothness of a sample surface includes a scattered-light instrument for scanning the surface with a focused laser beam and for detecting scattered light which is reflected during the scanning of the surface. There is also an instrument for microscopic examination of prominently light-scattering regions of the surface after they have been identified using the scattered-light instrument. This device has an evacuable sample chamber, in which the sample is placed on a sample holder and which has a transparent window through which the laser beam passes before it strikes the surface of the sample. There is also a method for examining a sample using the device.

Abstract: A transmission system and a transmitter (T) for such a system are disclosed for transmitting a digital signal (sr), encoded in symbols (Si), from the transmitter (T) to a receiver (R) at an arbitrary frequency position by quadrature modulation. In the transmitter, one of the two quadrature components (ki, kq) is delayed before the quadrature modulation by a given time interval (td).

Abstract: Transmission system with a transmitter (T), a receiver (R), and a filter combination (FI1, FI2; FQ1, FQ2) for transmitting a digital signal (sr), encoded in symbols (Si), from the transmitter (T) to the receiver (R) at any frequency position by quadrature modulation, wherein one of the two quadrature signal components (ki, kq) in the transmitter is delayed before the quadrature modulation by a time interval td, particularly by td=Tsymb/4. (FIG.