Abstract: An anode of a direct-current arc furnace is provided in the region of the bottom of the vessel, characterized in that a metallic, broom-like element, having bristles directed towards the interior of the vessel, is positioned in a region of the furnace vessel which is free of refractory material and subsequently, at least in the region of the broom-like element, refractory gunite is applied thereto and a metallic composition is admixed during the guniting, and as the thickness of the applied gunite increases, the ratio of the metallic composition to the refractory composition is reduced, gunite only being sprayed exclusively in the region of the inner edge of the ladle.

Abstract: An apparatus for indicating by electromagnetic means the level in metallurgical vessels means with transmitting and receiving coils which combined into a measuring unit having a transmitting coil which extends in the direction of the fill height and at least two receiving coils assigned thereto and staggered vertically. This simplifies and facilitates the assembly work.

Abstract: A process for monitoring continuous casting molds is presented. A primary coil coaxially surrounding the continuous casting mold is powered with currents whose Fourier analysis includes several frequencies. Several secondary coils are also arranged coaxially between the primary coil and the mold and surround the mold. The secondary coils are placed around the liquid metal pool level region, with the secondary coil in the lowest location being located beneath the pool surface at all times and serving as a reference coil. The differences between the Fourier components of the signals measured on the various secondary coils and the reference coil are taken, related to the intensities in the primary coil, and analyzed by magnitude or phase. By comparison of the various signals, the presence of liquid metal or slag, the temperature prevailing in the particular region of the mold wall, are determined.

Abstract: The level of a melt in a vertically reciprocating continuous-casting mold is detected by a method wherein a nonhomogeneous steady magnetic field is formed extending horizontally through the mold into the melt generally at the melt level. This field is vertically reciprocated jointly and synchronously with the mold and its field strength is detected at a sensing location after the field passes through the mold. This location is also vertically reciprocated jointly and synchronously with the mold. The melt level is derived from the detected field strength, normally taking into account melt conductivity and relative displacement rate of the mold and melt. With the use of a steady field the effect of the mold is automatically eliminated as the field does not move appreciably relative to the mold, so it generates virtually no eddy currents in it that would generate secondary fields.

Abstract: A metallurgical container has a refractory lining for containing a molten metal. A plurality of combination electrodes are provided at various positions of the refractory lining. Each combination electrode includes a refractory body having the property of high electrical conductivity at normal temperatures of the molten metal, and at least one electrical conductor embedded within the refractory body. Refractory material having a low electrical conductivity is positioned between the combination electrodes. A power source is connected to the electrical conductors of the plurality of combination electrodes to achieve first electrical resistances through the refractory bodies from the interior of the metallurgical container to the electrical conductors and second electrical resistances between the electrical conductors.

Abstract: A method of measuring the level of molten metal in a continuous casting m comprises inducing in the molten metal a magnetic field by a primary electrically energized coil and, by the relationship of this magnetic field to a pair of symmetrical secondary coils coaxial with the primary coil, inducing voltages in these secondary coils which are electrically connected in a circuit opposition so that the resultant voltage represents the level of the molten metal.