Abstract: A crafting apparatus (10) includes a working portion (22) and a base portion (20). The working portion (22) includes a lower surface (32) and an upper surface (34). The upper surface (34) defines a working three dimensional Cartesian coordinate system (X-Y-Z). The base portion (20) includes a lower surface (24) and an upper surface (26). The lower surface (32) of the working portion (22) is disposed adjacent to the upper surface (26) of the base portion (20). The lower surface (24) defines a non-working three dimensional Cartesian coordinate system (XS-YS-ZS). The upper surface (34) of the working portion (22) extends relative to the lower surface (24) of the base portion (20) at an angle (?22) for angularly-offsetting the working three dimensional Cartesian coordinate system (X-Y-Z) from the non-working three dimensional Cartesian coordinate system (XS-YS-ZS). Methods (200, 300) are also disclosed.

Abstract: The subject recoil pad for rifles and shotguns is a one-piece plastic spring comprising a base which attaches to the end of the butt of the rifle or shotgun, a working part which, in use, contacts the user's shoulder and two struts interconnecting the base and working part. In plan view the pad has an elongated egg shape, matching the shape of the end of the butt. The base, working part and struts are all essentially flat, the base and working part being parallel to each other and about 3/8 of an inch apart. The struts extend from the ends of the working part at an angle to the base so that the junctures of the struts and base are some distance from the ends of the base. The angles are in the range of 30.degree. to 50.degree. with 40.degree. preferred.

Abstract: The shoe sole incorporating spring apparatus comprises a shoe sole with a cavity in its upper side, the planform of the cavity being essentially that of the foot of a wearer of a shoe incorporating the sole. Two elliptical springs are situated entirely in the cavity, one spring located under the heel of the user, termed the heel spring, the other under the ball of the user's foot, termed the toe spring. The springs are contoured in planform to fit snugly but freely in the cavity. A flexible bridge piece fits over the springs. The planform of the bridge conforms closely to that of the cavity, allowing free motion of the bridge to the cavity. The springs and bridge are made of acetal plastic. The spring rates of the springs are attuned to the weight of the wearer, reaching full deflection under forces which are a factor times the weight of the wearer. The factor ranges from 1 to 4 with 3 being a preferred factor for the heel spring and 1.