Abstract: Improved chewing gum formulations and bases, as well as methods of producing chewing gum and bases are provided. The chewing gum includes meadowfoam seed oils from the plant genus Limnanthes. Meadowfoam seed oils can be used in the base and/or gum as a plasticizer. In an embodiment, meadowfoam oil is added to sucrose-type gum formulations replacing a small or large quantity of other fats, oils, and waxes. A variety of base and chewing gum formulations including meadowfoam oil can be created and/or utilized pursuant to the present invention.

Abstract: Chewing gums containing gum talha and methods of making such gums are disclosed. In one embodiment, the gum comprises about 5% to about 95% gum base, about 0.1% to about 10% flavoring agent and gum talha, the gum talha being part of the bulking agent in the gum. The gum talha provides the gum with unique properties, and the gum is non-cariogenic. In another embodiments, the gum talha is codried with sweeteners or coevaporated with a plasticizing syrup to produce unique sweetening ingredients and syrups for gum. The gum talha may also be provided in the form of a rolling compound on the gum, or used with sugars or polyols to form a hard coating for a coated pellet gum.

Abstract: A process of increasing squalene and sterol accumulation in a transgenic plant by increasing the amount of a gene encoding a polypeptide having HMG-CoA reductase activity is disclosed. The amount is preferably increased by transforming plant cells with a recombinant DNA molecule comprising a vector operatively linked to an exogenous DNA segment that encodes a polypeptide having HMG-CoA reductase activity, and a promoter suitable for driving the expression of said polypeptide to form a transformed plant cell and regenerating a transgenic plant from that transformed cell. Also disclosed are a process of increasing pest resistance in a transgenic plant, transgenic plants and transgenic seeds capable of germinating into transgenic plants.

Abstract: A structural gene encoding a polypeptide with .DELTA.8-7 sterol isomerase activity is disclosed, Recombinant DNA molecules useful for transforming yeast and mutant yeast transformed with such recombinant DNA molecules are also disclosed. The structural gene is useful for modulating the accumulation of sterols in yeast comprising increasing the expression level of a structural gene encoding a polypeptide having .DELTA.8-7 sterol isomerase activity in a mutant yeast having single or double defects in the expression of sterol biosynthetic enzymes is provided.

Abstract: A method of increasing the accumulation of squalene and specific sterols in yeast comprising increasing the expression level of a structural gene encoding a polypeptide having HMG-CoA reductase activity in a mutant yeast having single or double defects in the expression of sterol biosynthetic enzymes is provided. The expression level of a structural gene is preferably increased by transforming yeast with a recombinant DNA molecule comprising a vector operatively linked to an exogenous DNA segment that encodes a polypeptide having HMG-CoA reductase activity and a promoter that is suitable for driving the expression of the encoded polypeptide in the transformed yeast. The polypeptide having HMG-CoA reductase activity is preferably a truncated, active HMG-CoA reductase enzyme. Recombinant DNA molecules useful for transforming yeast and mutant yeast transformed with such recombinant DNA molecules are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of increasing sterol accumulation in a plant by increasing the copy number of a gene encoding a polypeptide having HMG-CoA reductase activity is disclosed. The copy number is preferably increased by transforming plants with a recombinant DNA molecule comprising a vector operatively linked to an exogenous DNA segment that encodes a polypeptide having HMG-CoA reductase activity, and a promoter suitable for driving the expression of said polypeptide. Also disclosed are a method of increasing cycloartenol accumulation in a plant, a method of increasing the resistance of plants to pests and the transformed plants themselves.

Abstract: A process of increasing squalene and sterol accumulation in a transgenic plant by increasing the amount of a gene encoding a polypeptide having HMG-CoA reductase activity is disclosed. The amount is preferably increased by transforming plant cells with a recombinant DNA molecule comprising a vector operatively linked to an exogenous DNA segment that encodes a polypeptide having HMG-CoA reductase activity, and a promoter suitable for driving the expression of said polypeptide to form a transformed plant cell and regenerating a transgenic plant from that transformed cell. Also disclosed are a process of increasing pest resistance in a transgenic plant, transgenic plants and transgenic seeds capable of germinating into transgenic plants.

Abstract: A method of increasing sterol accumulation in a plant by increasing the copy number of a gene encoding a polypeptide having HMG-CoA reductase activity is disclosed. The copy number is preferably increased by transforming plants with a recombinant DNA molecule comprising a vector operatively linked to an exogenous DNA segment that encodes a polypeptide having HMG-CoA reductase activity, and a promoter suitable for driving the expression of said polypeptide. Also disclosed are a method of increasing cycloartenol accumulation in a plant, a method of increasing the resistance of plants to pests and the transformed plants themselves.

Abstract: Thermoplastic elastomer blends containing polyvinyl chloride having improved oil resistance, exceptionally low compression set and softness are made by mixing a polyvinyl chloride-acrylate copolymer with effective amounts of cured acrylate elastomers. The polyvinyl chloride-acrylate copolymer has an inherent viscosity of from about 0.3 to about 4.0 and is made from a vinyl constituent which is a vinyl chloride monomer with an optional vinyl component comonomer and one or more acrylate monomers having the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is an aliphatic, an aromatic, or combinations thereof, having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, or a halogen derivative thereof, or hydrogen, and R.sup.

Abstract: A no-post-cure method of curing polyacrylates having dual cure sites is accomplished with a two-part curing system or a combined one-part curing system. The two-part curing system consists of one or more metallic acid salts and an ammonium and/or phosphonium quaternary salt. The one-part curing system consists of an ammonium or phosphonium quaternary acid salt. The polyacrylate rubber must have both a halogen and a carboxyl cure site. The method consists of blending the curative with the polyacrylate rubber and heating the resultant composition until the composition cures. Because the mixed composition is shelf stable, it is not necessary to immediately heat the composition to cure it. The method may optionally include the step of storing the mixed composition until it is desired to cure it.

Abstract: A no-post-cure method of curing polyacrylates having dual cure sites is accomplished with a two-part curing system or a combined one-part curing system. The two-part curing system consists of one of more metallic acid salts and an ammonium and/or phosphonium quaternary salt. The one-part curing system consists of an ammonium or phosphonium quaternary acid salt. The polyacrylate rubber must have both a halogen and a carboxyl cure site. The method consists of blending the curative with the polyacrylate rubber and heating the resultant composition until the composition cures. Because the mixed composition is shelf stable, it is not necessary to immediately heat the composition to cure it. The method may optionally include the step of storing the mixed composition until it is desired to cure it.

Abstract: Thermoplastic elastomer blends containing polyvinyl chloride having improved oil resistance, exceptionally low compression set and softness are made by mixing a polyvinyl chloride-acrylate copolymer with effective amounts of cured acrylate elastomers. The polyvinyl chloride-acrylate copolymer has an inherent viscosity of from about 0.3 to about 4.0 and is made from a vinyl constituent which is a vinyl chloride monomer with an optional vinyl component comonomer and one or more acrylate monomers having the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is an aliphatic, an aromatic, or combinations thereof, having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, or a halogen derivative thereof, or hydrogen, and R.sup.