Abstract: A method for recovering acid from a feed mixture comprising acid, hydrocarbons and water, the method comprising:

Abstract: A component mapper is provided in connection with a process wherein a fluid stream having multiple physical components is modeled as a plurality of pseudo-components. Each physical component has a boiling point, and each pseudo-component has a pre-defined boiling point and includes all physical components from the fluid stream having approximately the pre-defined boiling point. Each pseudo-component in the model of the fluid stream has a varying pre-defined property and a varying amount. A plurality of sub-pseudo-components are defined for each pseudo-component such that the pseudo-component is replaceable therewith. Each sub-pseudo component has the pre-defined boiling point of the pseudo-component, a pre-defined value for the pre-defined property, and a varying amount. For each pseudo-component, a current value of the pre-defined property and a current amount of the pseudo-component are obtained, and a current amount for each sub-pseudo-component of the pseudo-component is then calculated.

Abstract: A system for containing and neutralizing a heavy vapor cloud from a potential source of hazardous vapor, such as HF from an HF alkylation unit, comprising a primary containment enclosure for containing and neutralizing a major portion of the vapor in the event of a leak, and a secondary fence line spaced from the primary enclosure for absorbing the vapor as the cloud passes therethrough.

Abstract: A system for containment of heavy vapor cloud and aerosol from a potential source of hazardous vapor comprising walled surfaces surrounding the vapor source and a roof above the vapor source and forming with the walled surfaces an enclosure for the vapor source. The roof is porous with openings therethrough dimensioned for minimizing wind shear and extending over at least about 20% of the surface area of the roof, and a device is located within the enclosure for absorbing the vapor.

Abstract: A continuous alkylation process for the production of high octane gasoline comprising contacting a mixture of an isoparaffin and an olefin with a catalyst complex comprising BF3:H.sub.3 PO.sub.4 in a continuous hydrocarbon downflow reactor.

Abstract: A process for thermally and catalytically upgrading a heavy feed in a single riser reactor FCC unit is disclosed. A heavy feed is added to a blast zone in the base of the riser, and sufficient hot regenerated FCC catalyst is added to induce both thermal and catalytic cracking of the heavy feed. A reactive quench material, which cools the material discharged from the blast zone is added to a quench zone downstream of the blast zone, to reduce temperature at least in part by undergoing endothermic reactions in the riser. Quench liquids can be distillable FCC feeds such as gas oil, slack wax, or alcohols or ethers. The quench material is added in an amount equal to 100 to 1000 wt % of the non-distillable material in the heavy feed. A preferred catalyst, with a high zeolite content, is used which retains activity in the quench despite initial contact with the heavy feed, which tends to overwhelm conventional FCC catalysts.

Abstract: A process has been discovered for the conversion of C.sub.5 -C.sub.7 olefinic hydrocarbons, such as those contained in FCC light naphtha, to iso-butene-rich and isoamylene-rich streams in an integrated process for the production of MTBE and TAME. The process involves the initial separation of the isoamylene-rich C.sub.5 -fraction of the feedstream which is converted to TAME. The C.sub.6 -C.sub.7 fraction plus unreacted C.sub.5 's are converted by olefin interconversion with medium pore zeolite catalyst into an isobutylene and isoamylene-rich stream which is then used as feedstream for etherification to MTBE and TAME.

Abstract: A process for alkylation of isoparaffins and olefins employing a fixed bed of catalyst. The catalyst composition includes an unpromoted synthetic zeolite. The alkylate product contains highly branched paraffins and has an octane suitable for blending into motor gasolines. Alternatively multiple fixed beds can be employed with direct effluent recycle or split olefin feeds.

Abstract: An FCC catalyst regeneration technique in which the catalyst is regenerated in a dense bed regenerator. Regeneration effluent gases are collected from different parts of the regenerator vessel in a common collection zone and passed through the catalyst separation cyclones from the common collection zone. The cyclones may be arranged with their inlet horns adjacent one another in the common collection zone or a cyclone inlet manifold with a common inlet may be connected to the cyclone inlets. The inlet port to the manifold may be extended to form an elongated vertical duct through which regeneration effluent gases and entrained catalyst pass from the dilute phase of the dense bed to the cyclone so that mixing of the effluent gases is promoted to ensure combustion in residual quantities of oxygen present in the effluent gases before the gases enter the cyclones. Improved operating flexibility is obtained together with a reduced likelihood of cyclone damage as a result of localized high temperature excursions.

Abstract: Modified ZSM-5 type zeolite catalyst is prepared by controlled aging in a moving bed catalytic cracking unit. The modified catalyst exhibits significant olefin isomerization activity and reduced paraffin cracking activity. Hydrocarbons are cracked to products boiling in the motor fuel range, e.g., gasoline, by using the modified catalyst mixture comprising a ZSM-5 type zeolite and a conventional cracking catalyst. The ZSM-5 type zeolite is treated with partial pressure steam under conditions which increase the gasoline octane number of the product fuel without decreasing gasoline plus distillate yield. A process for changing a catalytic cracking unit's inventory from a conventional catalyst to a modified ZSM-5 type containing catalyst is also disclosed.

Abstract: A fluidized catalytic riser cracking process is disclosed wherein a quench stream, preferably water or steam, is injected downstream of the riser reactor outlet to decrease the residence time and temperature of a majority of the hydrocarbons in a reactor vessel accepting a riser reactor effluent.

Abstract: A continuous multistage catalytic conversion system for upgrading lower olefins comprisingfirst adaibatic catalytic bed reactor means containing an acidic zeolite solid catalyst;means for feeding light olefinic gas directly to the first reactor without addition of separate diluent or recycle streams;means for operating the first reactor under olefin partial conversion conditions at elevated temperature to control adiabatic temperature increase;interstage quench means for injecting a liquid coolant directly into first stage effluent for reducing the temperature thereof and protecting downstream catalyst;second catalytic bed reactor means for receiving cooled first stage effluent with injected liquid coolant and further converting the olefins over a metallic zeolite catalyst having a metal ethene oligomerization component;means for cooling and recovering heavier liquid hydrocarbon product from the second reactor effluent; andmeans for recovering liquid coolant from the second effluent for recycle to the interst

Abstract: Modified ZSM-5 type zeolite catalyst is prepared by controlled aging in a moving bed catalytic cracking unit. The modified catalyst exhibits significant olefin isomerization activity and reduced paraffin cracking activity. Hydrocarbons are cracked to products boiling in the motor fuel range, e.g., gasoline, by using the modified catalyst mixture comprising a ZSM-5 type zeolite and a conventional cracking catalyst. The ZSM-5 type zeolite is treated with partial pressure steam under conditions which increase the gasoline octane number of the product fuel without decreasing gasoline plus distillate yield. A process for changing a catalytic cracking unit's inventory from a conventional catalyst to a modified ZSM-5 type containing catalyst is also disclosed.

Abstract: An FCC catalyst regeneration technique in which the catalyst is regenerated in a dense bed regenerator. Regeneration effluent gases are collected from different parts of the regenerator vessel in a common collection zone and passed through the catalyst separation cyclones from the common collection zone. The cyclones may be arranged with their inlet horns adajcent one another in the common collection zone or a cyclone inlet manifold with a common inlet may be connected to the cyclone inlets. The inlet port to the manifold may be extended to form an elongated vertical duct through which regeneration effluent gases and entrained catalyst pass from the dilute phase of the dense bed to the cyclone so that mixing of the effluent gases is promoted to ensure combustion in residual quantities of oxygen present in the effluent gases before the gases enter the cyclones. Improved operating flexibility is obtained together with a reduced likelihood of cyclone damage as a result of localized high temperature excursions.

Abstract: The separation and recovery of liquid hydrocarbons in a FCC gas plant is removed by integrating therewith an oligomerization reactor which produces liquid hydrocarbons from one of several olefinic streams within the gas plant.

Abstract: The invention combines two unit operations i.e. fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) and circulating fluid bed (CFB) boiler technologies. The circulating solid inventory of the CFB boiler is introduced to the bottom of a conventional FCC unit to supply the endothermic heat of reaction. A once-through FCC catalyst is introduced under high-temperature, short residence time conditions whereby improved yields are achieved through the reduction of coke made in the FCC unit.

Abstract: A method for measuring local fluid flow rates in a vessel, e.g., a packed bed two-phase flow catalytic reactor, is disclosed which comprises:(a) arranging a plurality of heated thermocouple probes in the vessel at predetermined locations in the path of the fluid flow therethrough;(b) obtaining a first set of temperature readings with the probe heaters off to provide the local reactor temperature;(c) obtaining a second set of temperature readings with the probe heaters on to provide the skin temperature of the heater well;(d) using the difference between readings (b) and (c) to calculate the fluid flow rates.

Abstract: There is disclosed a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) apparatus and process comprising a reactor riser zone, primary and secondary cyclones, connected in series to the riser zone, and a stripping zone. The riser zone, the primary and the secondary cyclones, and the stripping zone, are placed within a single reactor vessel. The primary cyclone is connected to the reactor riser zone by an enclosed conduit which prevents random post-thermal cracking of the hydrocarbons after they exit the reactor riser zone. The secondary cyclone is also connected to the primary cyclone by an enclosed conduit. Any one or both of the enclosed conduits contain a trickle valve to accommodate sudden increased surges of pressure and of flow of the hydrocarbons and catalyst mixture. The reactor riser zone is equipped with an opening which allows stripping gases, from the stripping zone, to enter the riser. The gases are subsequently conducted through the primary and secondary cyclones to the downstream fractionation means.

Abstract: A multistage process for producing isoalkyl ethers from lower aliphatic oxygenate feedstock, such as methanol. Feedstock is catalytically converted in a primary catalyst stage at elevated temperature in contact with zeolite catalyst to predominantly C.sub.2 -C.sub.7 lower olefins comprising isobutylene and isoamylene, by-product water and a minor amount of C.sub.8.sup.+ hydrocarbons, followed by fractionation of the C.sub.2 -C.sub.7 olefins to recover a C.sub.2 -C.sub.3 -rich recycle stream for further catalytic conversion in the primary stage. C.sub.4 -C.sub.7 olefins are passed to a second catalytic etherification stage for reaction of isoalkenes with methanol to produce methyl tertiary-butyl ether, methyl isoamylether and higher isoalkyl ethers. The second stage effluent may be fractionated to recover an ether product, C.sub.5.sup.+ hydrocarbon liquid product, and unreacted butenes.

Abstract: A continuous multi-stage catalytic process for converting ethene-rich lower olefinic feedstock to heavier liquid hydrocarbon product, comprising the steps ofcontacting ethene-rich feedstock at elevated temperature and moderate pressure in a primary stage reaction zone with a first catalyst comprising shape selective medium pore zeolite to convert at least a portion of the lower olefinic components to intermediate olefinic hydrocarbons;cooling primary stage reaction effluent by introducing a stream of cold water sufficient to reduce the primary stage effluent to second stage reaction temperature; andcontacting unreacted ethene and at least a portion of the intermediate olefinic hydrocarbons from the primary stage with nickel-containing shape selective medium pore zeolite oligomerization component at elevated temperature to provide a heavier hydrocarbon effluent stream comprising gasoline and/or distillate range hydrocarbons.