Abstract: An electric filtering circuitry for filtering ripples of an input signal, includes an input terminal for applying the input signal, an output terminal to provide an output signal, and a forward path including a clocked integrator circuit and a clocked sample-and-hold or track-and-hold circuit. The electric filtering circuitry also includes a summing node that receives the input signal and the output signal, and provides a difference signal. The clocked integrator circuit has an input side connected to the summing node to receive the difference signal, and an output side to provide an integrator output signal. The clocked sample-and-hold or track-and-hold circuit has an input side to receive the integrator output signal, and an output side to provide a sample-and-hold or track-and-hold output signal. The output side of the sample-and-hold or track-and-hold circuit is coupled to the output terminal. A feedback path is between the output terminal and the summing node.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement and method for operating such is provided. The method includes receiving a voltage signal with a voltage level (IVL) by first and second comparators, comparing the IVL to a first voltage level (FVL), comparing the IVL to a second voltage level (SVL), incrementing a first counter assigned to the first comparator once the IVL is higher than the FVL, incrementing the first counter again after the IVL being lower and higher again than the FVL, incrementing a second counter assigned to the second comparator once the IVL is higher than the SVL, incrementing the second counter again after the IVL being lower and higher again than the SVL, and incrementing the first counter again once the second counter was incremented twice without the first counter being incremented in between, wherein the absolute value of the FVL is lower than the absolute value of the SVL.

Abstract: A circuit includes a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) configured to receive a binary input signal and to provide an output voltage that corresponds to a magnitude of the binary input signal. The circuit further includes a transconductance stage configured to receive the output voltage from the DAC and to generate a DAC current based on a magnitude of the output voltage. The circuit also includes an auxiliary current generator configured to generate an auxiliary current. The DAC current and the auxiliary current are summed together to produce an output current.

Abstract: An electric circuitry for baseline extraction in a photon counting system includes an input signal integrity detector to determine an integrity of an input signal for baseline extraction, a sampling circuit to sample the input signal during a sampling time, and to provide a sampled version of the input signal, a signal processing circuit to process the sampled version of the input signal, and a signal processing controller to control the signal processing circuit. The input signal integrity detector is configured to determine the integrity of the input signal for baseline extraction by evaluating the input signal or the sampled version of the input signal. The signal processing controller is configured to control the signal processing circuit so that the sampled version of the input signal is processed, when the integrity of the input signal for baseline extraction is determined by the input signal integrity detector at least during the sampling time.

Abstract: A front-end electronic circuitry for an electromagnetic radiation sensor application includes a signal shaper circuit with an amplifier circuit and an active dynamic feedback circuit, the active dynamic feedback circuit being arranged in a feedback path of the signal shaper circuit. The active dynamic feedback circuit includes a first input transistor being arranged in a first current path of the active dynamic feedback circuit, and a second input transistor being arranged in a second current path of the active dynamic feedback circuit. The first input transistor has a control node to receive an output signal of the signal shaper circuit, and the second input transistor has a control node to receive a reference signal. The active dynamic feedback circuit includes a buffer circuit being arranged to decouple the first and second current path.

Abstract: A front-end electronic circuitry for an electromagnetic radiation sensor application comprises a charge sensitive amplifier stage with a first single-input operational transconductance amplifier, and a transistor being arranged in a first feedback path of the first single-input operational transconductance amplifier, and a signal shaper stage with a second single-input operational transconductance amplifier, and an active feedback circuit being arranged in a second feedback path of the second single-input operational transconductance amplifier. The front-end electronic circuitry further comprises a control circuit having a second transistor. The control circuit is configured to provide a control signal to control the transistor of the first feedback path in dependence on a gate-source voltage of the second transistor.

Abstract: An electric filtering circuitry for filtering ripples of an input signal, includes an input terminal for applying the input signal, an output terminal to provide an output signal, and a forward path including a clocked integrator circuit and a clocked sample-and-hold or track-and-hold circuit. The electric filtering circuitry also includes a summing node that receives the input signal and the output signal, and provides a difference signal. The clocked integrator circuit has an input side connected to the summing node to receive the difference signal, and an output side to provide an integrator output signal. The clocked sample-and-hold or track-and-hold circuit has an input side to receive the integrator output signal, and an output side to provide a sample-and-hold or track-and-hold output signal. The output side of the sample-and-hold or track-and-hold circuit is coupled to the output terminal. A feedback path is between the output terminal and the summing node.

Abstract: A signal processing arrangement for an electromagnetic radiation sensor application includes a common input, auto-zero, AZ, comparators. Each AZ comparator comprises a signal input for receiving a voltage to be compared and a signal output coupled to a processing block. The processing block evaluates comparison results from the AZ comparators. An AZ DAC provides an AZ reference voltage at an AZ reference output. Switching circuitry individually couples the common input and the AZ reference output to the signal input of each of the AZ comparators in a switchable fashion. A control block disconnects, by controlling the switching circuitry, for each of the AZ comparators in a non-overlapping fashion, the common input from the signal input of the respective AZ comparator during a respective disconnection time, and connect the AZ reference output within the respective disconnection time to the signal input of the respective AZ comparator for a respective AZ time.

Abstract: A front-end electronic circuitry for a photon counting application includes a charge sensitive amplifier including an amplifier circuit and a capacitor being arranged in a feedback path between the input side and the output side of the amplifier circuit. A controllable switch is arranged in parallel to the capacitor. The circuitry includes a delay circuit to provide a delay circuit output signal being a time-delayed representation of the charge sensitive amplifier output signal. An output signal generation circuit is configured to generate the output signal by subtracting the delay circuit output signal from the charge sensitive amplifier output signal.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement is provided which includes an array of stages for photon counting current to voltage conversion. Each stage includes a tunable operational transconductance amplifier and a feedback network forming a feedback loop of the operational transconductance amplifier. Each stage is configured to provide an output signal as a function of an input signal that is provided to the amplifier input of the operational transconductance amplifier, wherein the input signal comprises one or more current pulses and the output signal comprises one or more voltage pulses. With the tunable operational transconductance amplifier the transconductance of a stage can be tuned so that differences in peaking time and gain are avoided. Furthermore, an imaging device and a method for operating a circuit arrangement are provided.

Abstract: A circuit includes a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) configured to receive a binary input signal and to provide an output voltage that corresponds to a magnitude of the binary input signal. The circuit further includes a transconductance stage configured to receive the output voltage from the DAC and to generate a DAC current based on a magnitude of the output voltage. The circuit also includes an auxiliary current generator configured to generate an auxiliary current. The DAC current and the auxiliary current are summed together to produce an output current.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are devices, systems, and methods for baseline restoration. An electric circuitry for baseline restoration includes a baseline sampling circuit for providing a baseline output signal representing a baseline level of an input signal, and an integrator circuit to receive an error signal representing an error of the baseline level of the input signal and to provide an integrator output signal being a representation of an integration of the error signal. The electric circuitry further includes a digitization circuit to provide a digital output signal being a digital representation of the integrator output signal, and an output stage to provide a baseline restoration output signal representing a corrected baseline level of the input signal.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement and method for operating such is provided. The method includes receiving a voltage signal with a voltage level (IVL) by first and second comparators, comparing the IVL to a first voltage level (FVL), comparing the IVL to a second voltage level (SVL), incrementing a first counter assigned to the first comparator once the IVL is higher than the FVL, incrementing the first counter again after the IVL being lower and higher again than the FVL, incrementing a second counter assigned to the second comparator once the IVL is higher than the SVL, incrementing the second counter again after the IVL being lower and higher again than the SVL, and incrementing the first counter again once the second counter was incremented twice without the first counter being incremented in between, wherein the absolute value of the FVL is lower than the absolute value of the SVL.

Abstract: A front-end electronic circuitry for an electromagnetic radiation sensor application includes a signal shaper circuit with an amplifier circuit and an active dynamic feedback circuit, the active dynamic feedback circuit being arranged in a feedback path of the signal shaper circuit. The active dynamic feedback circuit includes a first input transistor being arranged in a first current path of the active dynamic feedback circuit, and a second input transistor being arranged in a second current path of the active dynamic feedback circuit. The first input transistor has a control node to receive an output signal of the signal shaper circuit, and the second input transistor has a control node to receive a reference signal. The active dynamic feedback circuit includes a buffer circuit being arranged to decouple the first and second current path.

Abstract: A digital to analogue voltage converter (DAC) comprising: a first resistor string having a plurality of resistors; and a plurality of DAC stages, each DAC stage coupled to said first resistor string and comprising: a voltage buffer; a first switching stage coupled to the first resistor string, the first switching stage configured to provide an input to the voltage buffer in dependence on receiving a first sub-word of a digital input; a second resistor string having one or more resistors, wherein a first end of the second resistor string is coupled to a current source and a second end of the second resistor string is coupled to an output of the voltage buffer; and a second switching stage coupled to the second resistor string and configured to provide an output of the DAC stage in dependence on receiving a second sub-word of the digital input.

Abstract: A switched-capacitor amplifier comprises a comparator, sample and amplification capacitors and a controller to control charge and discharge current sources in dependence on an output signal of the comparator. A closed loop control circuit is configured to determine the delay of the comparator and control an offset of the comparator in response to the determined delay.

Abstract: A front-end electronic circuitry for an electromagnetic radiation sensor application comprises a charge sensitive amplifier stage with a first single-input operational transconductance amplifier, and a transistor being arranged in a first feedback path of the first single-input operational transconductance amplifier, and a signal shaper stage with a second single-input operational transconductance amplifier, and an active feedback circuit being arranged in a second feedback path of the second single-input operational transconductance amplifier. The front-end electronic circuitry further comprises a control circuit having a second transistor. The control circuit is configured to provide a control signal to control the transistor of the first feedback path in dependence on a gate-source voltage of the second transistor.

Abstract: An electric circuitry for baseline extraction in a photon counting system includes an input signal integrity detector to determine an integrity of an input signal for baseline extraction, a sampling circuit to sample the input signal during a sampling time, and to provide a sampled version of the input signal, a signal processing circuit to process the sampled version of the input signal, and a signal processing controller to control the signal processing circuit. The input signal integrity detector is configured to determine the integrity of the input signal for baseline extraction by evaluating the input signal or the sampled version of the input signal. The signal processing controller is configured to control the signal processing circuit so that the sampled version of the input signal is processed, when the integrity of the input signal for baseline extraction is determined by the input signal integrity detector at least during the sampling time.

Abstract: A front-end electronic circuitry for a photon counting application includes an input node to receive an input signal, an output node to provide an output signal, a charge sensitive amplifier, and a feedback element having a variable resistance. The charge sensitive amplifier includes an amplifier circuit having an input side being coupled to the input node and an output side to provide the output signal, and a capacitor being arranged in a first feedback path between the input side and the output side of the amplifier circuit. The feedback element is arranged in a second feedback path in parallel to the capacitor. The variable resistance of the feedback element is dependent on a level of the output signal.

Abstract: A front-end electronic circuitry for a photon counting application includes a charge sensitive amplifier including an amplifier circuit and a capacitor being arranged in a feedback path between the input side and the output side of the amplifier circuit. A controllable switch is arranged in parallel to the capacitor. The circuitry includes a delay circuit to provide a delay circuit output signal being a time-delayed representation of the charge sensitive amplifier output signal. An output signal generation circuit is configured to generate the output signal by subtracting the delay circuit output signal from the charge sensitive amplifier output signal.