Abstract: A method controls a hydraulic actuator drive that has an actuator and the position of the actuator is set by at least one electrohydraulic proportional valve that has at least one electrical input and at least one hydraulic output. First, the position of the actuator is detected and an actual position value is generated therefrom. Second, a target position value is specified in dependence on a default for a desired position of the actuator and a target/actual value difference is corrected by the at least one electrohydraulic proportional valve, so that the actuator assumes a position corresponding to the target position value. The method is characterized in that the target position value is also varied if the default remains unchanged for a desired position of the actuator.

Abstract: A magnetoinductive flowmeter includes a measuring tube containing an electrode that is provided with an electroconductive diamond coating, as a result of which the galvanic contact between the electrode and the medium that flows through the measuring tube is indirect, i.e. via the electroconductive diamond coating. This produces an electrode that offers mechanical strength and is conducive to interference-free measuring signals. A method for producing the flowmeter is also disclosed.

Abstract: A magnetoinductive flowmeter includes a measuring tube containing an electrode that is provided with an electroconductive diamond coating, as a result of which the galvanic contact between the electrode and the medium that flows through the measuring tube is indirect, i.e. via the electroconductive diamond coating. This produces an electrode that offers mechanical strength and is conducive to interference-free measuring signals. A method for producing the flowmeter is also disclosed.

Abstract: A magnetoinductive flowmeter that serves to measure the flow rate of a moving medium incorporates a measuring conduit, a sampling-electrode channel extending through the wall of the measuring conduit, and a sampling electrode, which sampling electrode is positioned in the sampling-electrode channel in such fashion that its sampling-electrode head is recessed from the inner wall of the measuring conduit. A section of the sampling-electrode channel located in front of the sampling-electrode head and extending up to the interior of the measuring conduit is left as a free space. This results in an improved signal-to-noise ratio of a voltage signal collected at the sampling electrode.

Abstract: A magnetoinductive flowmeter that serves to measure the flow rate of a moving medium incorporates a measuring conduit, a sampling-electrode channel extending through the wall of the measuring conduit, and a sampling electrode, which sampling electrode is positioned in the sampling-electrode channel in such fashion that its sampling-electrode head is recessed from the inner wall of the measuring conduit. A section of the sampling-electrode channel located in front of the sampling-electrode head and extending up to the interior of the measuring conduit is left as a free space. This results in an improved signal-to-noise ratio of a voltage signal collected at the sampling electrode.

Abstract: A disc lacquering station, a laser beam recorder, a developing station and a metallizer are arranged in tandem. A cassette station (7) for the intermediate storage of substrates precedes and another follows the laser beam recorder. The cassette station (7) has a fixedly installed buffer magazine (9) for substrates and an extra magazine (10), removable from the apparatus, for additional substrates. In this manner substrates can be taken with the extra magazine from the cassette station preceding the laser beam recorder, recorded on a separate laser beam recorder, and then air-locked back into the production apparatus.

Abstract: In an apparatus for the laser beam exposure of a substrate disc (5), linked block tables (19, 29) are provided, which have each a piezotranslator (24, 31). This makes it possible to perform a fine correction of the movements very rapidly and very precisely.

Abstract: A vertically disposed drive spindle (5) rotates turntable (6) supporting a substrate (7) at high speed, the turntable having a smaller diameter than the substrate. Coaxial with the turntable (6), a centering ring (10) having a frustoconical inside surface can be raised vertically between a lower and upper position. The latter has on its upper side a greater diameter and on its lower side a smaller diameter than the substrate (7). In its lower position the centering ring (10) is at a distance from a substrate (7) lying on the turntable (6), but in its upper position its inside surface supports the substrate (7) at an axial distance above turntable (6).

Abstract: The present invention is a process for preventing incrustations of surfaces which are in contact with aqueous solutions containing material prone to crystallize by forming a thin, protective film on the surface to be protected.

Abstract: When measuring the velocity of fluid flow by measuring the voltage produced by magnetic induction applied to the fluid, measurement is affected by the electrochemical potential developed at the electrodes. This may be compensated by storing the total signal produced with a first value of the induction and subtracting this stored signal from the total signal produced at a second value of the induction so that the electrochemical potential cancels out.